Regulation of neuroimmune interactions varies across avian species. Little is presently known about the interplay between periphery and central nervous system (CNS) in parrots, birds sensitive to neuroinflammation. Here we investigated the systemic and CNS responses to dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced subclinical acute peripheral inflammation in budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Three experimental treatment groups differing in DSS and LPS stimulation were compared to controls. Individuals treated with DSS showed significant histological intestinal damage. Through quantitative proteomics we described changes in plasma (PL) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition. In total, we identified 180 proteins in PL and 978 proteins in CSF, with moderate co-structure between the proteomes. Between treatments we detected differences in immune, coagulation and metabolic pathways. Proteomic variation was associated with the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in intestine and brain. Our findings shed light on systemic impacts of peripheral low-grade inflammation in birds.
- MeSH
- centrální nervový systém * metabolismus imunologie MeSH
- cytokiny metabolismus MeSH
- lipopolysacharidy * imunologie MeSH
- Melopsittacus * imunologie MeSH
- mozek metabolismus imunologie MeSH
- nemoci ptáků imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- neuroimunomodulace MeSH
- neurozánětlivé nemoci imunologie MeSH
- proteom * metabolismus MeSH
- proteomika metody MeSH
- ptačí proteiny metabolismus genetika MeSH
- síran dextranu * MeSH
- střeva imunologie MeSH
- zánět * imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) are key RNA virus sensors belonging to the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family. The activation of the RLR inflammasome leads to the establishment of antiviral state, mainly through interferon-mediated signaling. The evolutionary dynamics of RLRs has been studied mainly in mammals, where rare cases of RLR gene losses were described. By in silico screening of avian genomes, we previously described two independent disruptions of MDA5 in two bird orders. Here, we extend this analysis to approximately 150 avian genomes and report 16 independent evolutionary events of RIG-I inactivation. Interestingly, in almost all cases, these inactivations are coupled with genetic disruptions of RIPLET/RNF135, an ubiquitin ligase RIG-I regulator. Complete absence of any detectable RIG-I sequences is unique to several galliform species, including the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus). We further aimed to determine compensatory evolution of MDA5 in RIG-I-deficient species. While we were unable to show any specific global pattern of adaptive evolution in RIG-I-deficient species, in galliforms, the analyses of positive selection and surface charge distribution support the hypothesis of some compensatory evolution in MDA5 after RIG-I loss. This work highlights the dynamic nature of evolution in bird RNA virus sensors.
- MeSH
- antivirové látky MeSH
- DEAD box protein 58 genetika metabolismus MeSH
- přirozená imunita MeSH
- ptáci virologie MeSH
- RNA-helikasy MeSH
- RNA-viry * fyziologie MeSH
- RNA * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Two key cytosolic receptors belonging to the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) family sense the viral RNA-derived danger signals: RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5). Their activation establishes an antiviral state by downstream signaling that ultimately activates interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). While in rare cases RIG-I gene loss has been detected in mammalian and avian species, most notably in the chicken, MDA5 pseudogenization has only been detected once in mammals. We have screened over a hundred publicly available avian genome sequences and describe an independent disruption of MDA5 in two unrelated avian lineages, the storks (Ciconiiformes) and the rallids (Gruiformes). The results of our RELAX analysis confirmed the absence of negative selection in the MDA5 pseudogene. In contrast to our prediction, we have shown, using multiple dN/dS-based approaches, that the MDA5 loss does not appear to have resulted in any compensatory evolution in the RIG-I gene, which may partially share its ligand-binding specificity. Together, our results indicate that the MDA5 pseudogenization may have important functional effects on immune responsiveness in these two avian clades.
- MeSH
- DEAD box protein 58 chemie genetika imunologie MeSH
- delece genu * MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární modely MeSH
- přirozená imunita MeSH
- pseudogeny MeSH
- ptačí proteiny chemie genetika imunologie MeSH
- ptáci klasifikace genetika imunologie MeSH
- sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
- sekvenční seřazení MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can enhance plant Cr tolerance through immobilizing Cr in mycorrhizal roots. However, the detailed processes and mechanisms are unclear. The present study focused on cellular distribution and speciation of Cr in both extraradical mycelium (ERM) and mycorrhizal roots exposed to Cr(VI) by using field emission scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (FE-SEM-EDS), scanning transmission soft X-ray microscopy (STXM) and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy techniques. We found that amounts of particles (possibly extracellular polymeric substances, EPS) were produced on the AM fungal surface upon Cr(VI) stress, which contributed greatly to Cr(VI) reduction and immobilization. With EDS of the surface of AM fungi exposed to various Cr(VI) levels, a positive correlation between Cr and P was revealed, suggesting that phosphate groups might act as counter ions of Cr(III), which was also confirmed by the XAFS analysis. Besides, STXM and XAFS analyses showed that Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) in AM fungal structures (arbuscules, intraradical mycelium, etc.) and cell walls in mycorrhizal roots, and complexed possibly with carboxyl groups or histidine analogues. The present work provided evidence of Cr immobilization on fungal surface and in fungal structures in mycorrhizal roots at a cellular level, and thus unraveled the underlying mechanisms by which AM symbiosis immobilize Cr.
- MeSH
- chrom analýza chemie MeSH
- fosfáty metabolismus MeSH
- kořeny rostlin metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
- mycelium metabolismus MeSH
- mykorhiza metabolismus MeSH
- povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
- rostliny metabolismus MeSH
- spektrometrie rentgenová emisní MeSH
- struktury hub * MeSH
- symbióza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
