Proč v autě nekouřit? Kouření poškozuje na prvním místě kuřáka, pasivní kouření ale i ostatní ve voze. I při otevřeném okénku nebo zapnuté klimatizaci stále překračují hodnoty znečištění vzduchu v kabině auta limity pro prachové částice. Kouření v autě přispívá k přijetí kouření jako standardní aktivity, což vnímají zejména děti. Rozptyluje pozornost řidiče a látky v kouři snižují jeho pozornost a schopnost reakce. Zapalování cigarety může oslnit. Kouření v automobilu významně zvyšuje riziko nehody, a to jednak z mechanických důvodů, jednak utlumujícím vlivem tabákového kouře, zejména oxidem uhelnatým a velkou dávkou nikotinu. Desítky zemí zakazují kouření v autech, většinou pokud v něm jede dítě, nezletilý nebo těhotná žena, Česko zatím mezi tyto země nepatří.
Why not smoke in the car? Smoking harms the smoker in the first place, but passive smoking also harms others in the car. Unfortunately, even with the windows open or the air conditioning on, the air pollution levels in the car cabin still exceed the given limits. Smoking in car contributes to the normalisation of smoking as a standard activity, which is particularly important for children. It distracts the driver's attention and the substances in the smoke reduce his or her attention and reactivity. Lighting a cigarette can be blinding. Driver's smoking significantly increases the risk of an accident, both for mechanical reasons and because of the dampening effect of tobacco smoke, especially carbon monoxide, and the high dose of nicotine. Dozens of countries ban smoking in cars, usually if a child, adolescent, or pregnant woman are present in the car, the Czech Republic is not yet one of these countries.
- MeSH
- automobily * zákonodárství a právo MeSH
- dopravní nehody MeSH
- kouření tabáku dějiny psychologie škodlivé účinky zákonodárství a právo MeSH
- kouření * dějiny psychologie škodlivé účinky zákonodárství a právo MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nebezpečné chování MeSH
- nepozorné řízení MeSH
- řízení motorových vozidel zákonodárství a právo MeSH
- riziko MeSH
- zákonodárství jako téma dějiny MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší zákonodárství a právo MeSH
- znečištění tabákovým kouřem škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Isocyanates are known to induce occupational diseases. The aim of this work was to assess the health effects of exposure to isocyanates and to test the sensitivity of selected parameters for early detection of isocyanate-related allergic diseases. METHODS: In total, 35 employees from one factory were tested: 26 workers exposed to isocyanates (exposed group) and nine office workers (control group). All subjects filled in a questionnaire regarding possible health problems. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and spirometry were measured for each subject at the same time during two consecutive working days. A urine sample was taken for a biological exposure test (BET). RESULTS: No significant difference was found between the exposed and control groups for spirometry parameters and FeNO. However, in the exposed group, FeNO was highly elevated (> 50 ppb) in five subjects (all reporting health problems at the workplace, all with normal spirometry and non-smokers). The BET revealed a significant difference (p < 0.001) between the exposed and control groups for 4,4 ́-methylenediphenyl diamine (MDA) in the urine. CONCLUSIONS: Our examination showed the usefulness of the BET in monitoring of workplace exposure to isocyanates and the importance of FeNO in monitoring of allergic inflammation of airways in non-smoking employees with normal spirometry.
- MeSH
- automobily MeSH
- isokyanatany analýza moč MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci z povolání * MeSH
- pracoviště MeSH
- pracovní expozice * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
V publikaci je popsán případ nehody chodce s motorovým vozidlem ve stavebnictví, vedoucí k těžkému traumatu a invaliditě. 49letý dělník byl přijat na ortopedické oddělení pro nahlášený pracovní úraz. K nehodě došlo na pracovišti při výstavbě cyklistické stezky, kde byl poškozený jako chodec sražen motorovým vozidlem s následným přejetím levé dolní končetiny. Pacient utrpěl pracovní úraz s rozsáhlým poraněním levé dolní končetiny. Stavebnictví je v Řecku jedním z nejrizikovějších odvětví, pokud jde o pracovní úmrtnost. Úraz z povolání je hlavní příčinou nemocnosti zaměstnané populace a nepříznivě ovlivňuje produktivitu. Forenzní hodnocení se zaměřuje na mechanismus a biomechaniku zranění a objasňuje potenciální přispění vnějších faktorů. Forenzní přístup přispívá k pochopení pracovního incidentu a tím k vytvoření účinnějších preventivních strategií a zlepšení bezpečnostních předpisů na pracovišti.
A rare case of serious non-fatal pedestrian-motor vehicle accident in the constructions sector is described, leading to severe orthopedic trauma and disability. A 49-year-old male worker was admitted to the orthopedic department due to reported occupational injury. The accident occurred at the workplace during the construction of a cycling road, where the victim as pedestrian was referred to be crashed by a motor vehicle at his left lower extremity. He consequently fell on the ground and the vehicle drifted his whole limb with its caterpillar. The patient bore occupational trauma with extensive avulsion and degloving injury of the left lower extremity, extensive hematoma formation of the extreme foot, subtalar and tarsometatarsal dislocation, open fracture of the ankle joint, intraarticular calcaneal fracture, potential vascular injury (segmentation) of the posterior tibial artery, while peroneal and dorsalis pedis arteries were identified intact in Doppler examination of the lower limb. Construction industry is one of the most hazardous industries, concerning the occupational fatality rates. Occupational injury is the leading cause of morbidity in the employed population and adversely affects productivity. Forensic evaluation focuses on the mechanism and biomechanics of the injury and enlightens the potential contribution of external factors. The forensic approach adds to the understanding of a single occupational incident and, thus, the establishment of more effective preventive strategies and the improvement of safety regulations at workplace.
The article deals with the measurement of dynamic effects that are transmitted to the driver (passenger) when driving in a car over obstacles. The measurements were performed in a real environment on a defined track at different driving speeds and different distributions of obstacles on the road. The reaction of the human organism, respectively the load of the cervical vertebrae and the heads of the driver and passenger, was measured. Experimental measurements were performed for different variants of driving conditions on a 28-year-old and healthy man. The measurement's main objective was to determine the acceleration values of the seats in the vehicle in the vertical movement of parts of the vehicle cabin and to determine the dynamic effects that are transmitted to the driver and passenger in a car when driving over obstacles. The measurements were performed in a real environment on a defined track at various driving speeds and diverse distributions of obstacles on the road. The acceleration values on the vehicle's axles and the structure of the driver's and front passenger's seats, under the buttocks, at the top of the head (Vertex Parietal Bone) and the C7 cervical vertebra (Vertebra Cervicales), were measured. The result of the experiment was to determine the maximum magnitudes of acceleration in the vertical direction on the body of the driver and the passenger of the vehicle when passing a passenger vehicle over obstacles. The analysis of the experiment's results is the basis for determining the future direction of the research.
- MeSH
- automobily * MeSH
- dopravní nehody MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- krční obratle MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- řízení motorových vozidel * MeSH
- zrychlení MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Due to the fact that driving vehicles can be complicated or impracticable, a computer simulator is usually used for training and professional studies. The advantage of this approach is high safety, repeatability, easier feasibility and, of course, lower price. In this work we describe the extension of the car simulator developed by the Faculty of Transport CTU in Prague with specific scenarios for evaluating the cognitive abilities of probands, software for their management and evaluation of data from simulator software and other measured physiological variables such as ECG and arm movement. From the data it is then possible to evaluate the mental and physical condition of the proband and the progress of training. Preliminary results suggest the possibility of using Poincaré analysis for the purpose of assessing cognitive load during potential collision situations. It uses distance assessment from other objects involved in traffic situations.
Reducing fuel consumption and thus CO2 emissions is one of the most urgent tasks of current research in the field of internal combustion engines. Water Injection has proven its benefits to increase power or optimize fuel consumption of passenger cars. This technology enables knock mitigation to either increase the engine power output or raise the compression ratio and efficiency while enabling λ = 1 operation in the complete engine map to meet future emission targets. Current systems have limited container capacity. It is necessary to refill the water tank regularly. This also means that we cannot get the benefits of an engine with a higher compression ratio. For this reason, the self-contained system was investigated. This article is a methodology for finding the right design of a self-contained water injection system, but also a vehicle test that proves the function.
- MeSH
- automobily MeSH
- benzin * analýza MeSH
- voda MeSH
- výfukové emise vozidel * analýza MeSH
- výzkum MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Automobil hraje důležitou roli v každém období lidského života. Provází lidstvo již více než 130 let a jen těžko je možné si dnešní svět bez něj představit. Stal se za svou dlouhou historii pomocníkem i zábavou. Dopravní mobilitu, kterou člověk díky automobilu získává, potřebuje nejen v průběhu aktivního pracovního a společenského života, ale také ve vyšším věku. Ani senioři nechtějí ztratit možnost pohodlného cestování a pomoci při plnění svých povinností, i přesto, že si uvědomují potenciální nebezpečí a nutnost udělat vše proto, aby jejich cesty byly bezpečné a návraty jisté.
The car plays an important role in every period of human life. It has accompanied mankind for more than 130 years and is hardly possible to imagine today's world without it. During his long history, he became a helper and entertainment. The mobility that a person acquires thanks to a car needs not only during his active work and social life, but also at an older age. Neither seniors do not want to lose the possibility to travel comfortably and the help with their duties, even though they are aware of the potential danger and the need to do everything they can to make their journey safe and sure returns.
- Klíčová slova
- senior v dopravě, výhody a nevýhody řízení ve vyšším věku, mobilita seniorů,
- MeSH
- automobily dějiny zákonodárství a právo MeSH
- diskriminace na základě věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- řízení motorových vozidel * MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
Úvod: Práca spojená s nadmernou fyzickou záťažou, vykonávaná dlhodobo a jednostranne môže predstavovať pre zamestnancov riziko poškodenia zdravia s postihnutím štruktúr pohybového systému končatín. V dôsledku vzniku profesionálneho ochorenia z dlhodobého, nadmerného a jednostranného zaťaženia končatín dochádza každoročne k vyradeniu mnohých zamestnancov z pracovného procesu. Uplatnenie sa na iných pracoviskách/profesiách v dôsledku ochorenia je často problémom. Výber prác je významne obmedzený s ohľadom na zdravotný stav a kvalifikáciu pracovníka. Súbor a metodika: Pre analýzu pracovnej expozície boli zo súboru 62 šičiek náhodne vybrané 2 šičky. Analýza bola vykonaná v podniku na šitie autopoťahov – u dvoch typov modelov (Toyota Avensis, Renault Clio). Z časových snímok a vykonaných analýz pracovných činností sú prezentované výsledky početnosti pohybov vykonávaných ľavou a pravou rukou pri jednotlivých pracovných činnostiach. Počty pohybov boli počítané pomocou programu Kinovea, analýzy v programe Microsoft Excel a EpiInfo. Výsledky boli porovnané s limitmi stanovenými legislatívou. Výsledky: Pri analýze početnosti pohybov a ich porovnaní s odporúčanými limitmi počty vysoko prekračovali prípustné limity za minútu a za pracovnú zmenu. Zamestnanci spoločnosti vykonávali za pracovnú zmenu oboma rukami približne 53.300 pohybov v oblasti drobných svalov rúk a predlaktí. Pri 20 % a 30 % Fmax boli prekročené takmer všetky celozmenové limity. Kritérium dlhodobosti, nadmernosti a jednostrannosti u šičiek bolo jednoznačne splnené. Viac zaťažovaná sa javila ľavá ruka (najmä pri zložitejších operáciách), ktorá vykonávala pomerne väčšie spektrum a rozsah pohybov v porovnaní s pravou rukou. Záver: Z výsledkov vyplýva, že u profesie šič/-ka autopoťahov bola autormi objektivizovaná výrazná expozícia rizikovému faktoru fyzického zaťaženia horných končatín, čo môže zapríčiniť vznik profesionálnej choroby z dlhodobého, nadmerného a jednostranného zaťaženia horných končatín. Z tohto hľadiska je kritérium na preradenie z 2. do 3. kategórie prác v zmysle Vyhlášky MZ SR č. 542/2007 Z. z. u uvedenej profesie vo faktore fyzická záťaž adekvátne.
Introduction: Work associated with excessive physical load performed for a long time and unilaterally can be the health risk associated with damage of upper extremities structures. As a result of the occupational diseases due to the repetitive strain injury, many employees are laid off from the working process every year. Applying to other workplaces/professions as a result of occupational diseases is often a problem. The choice of works is significantly limited with regard to health state and qualifications of employees. Material and method: Two seamstresses were randomly selected from ensemble of 62 seamstresses for analysis of working exposure. The analysis was performed in car seat cover sewing industry in 2 types of models (Toyota Avensis, Renault Clio). From the time frames and performed analyses of working activities are presented the results of the number of movements performed by the left and right upper extremities in individual working activities. The numbers of movements were calculated by Kinovea, and analyzed in the program Microsoft Excel and EpiInfo. The results were compared with the limits set by legislation. Results: When analyzing the number of movements and their comparison with the recommended limits, the numbers highly exceeded the allowable limits per minute and for working shift. The employees of the company performed approximately 53.000 movements of small muscules of hand and forearm. The all full-scale limits were exceeded in 20% and 30% Fmax values. The excessive, long-term, unilateral character criteria among seamstress were clearly fulfilled. The left hand was apparently more loaded (especially in the complicated operations) in performing relatively larger spectrum and the range of movements compared with the right hand. Conclusion: Based of our results the authors objectified a significant exposure to the risk factor of physical load of upper extremities among seamstress of car seat cover sewing industry, which may cause occupational diseases due to the repetitive strain injury of upper extremities. From this reason the criterion for the replacement from the 2nd to the 3rd classification of work within the meaning of Decree of the Ministry of Health of the Slovak Republic no. 542/2007 Coll. in the given profession in the category of physical load, is adequate.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare the occurrence of occupational diseases (ODs) in the automotive industry in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic and to analyze their determinants. METHODS: The aggregated and anonymized data on ODs from the period 2001-2017 were used. A questionnaire survey was conducted in the Czech Republic (response rate 70.6%) and in the Slovak Republic (response rate 57%). The occurrence of ODs according to socioeconomic factors, the size of enterprises and their position in the global production networks was evaluated. The quality and scope of the occupational health services were also taken into consideration. RESULTS: Workers older than 40 years were at a significantly higher risk of ODs than the younger ones. In the Czech Republic, it corresponded to OR 2.77 (95% CI 2.41-3.19), in the Slovak Republic to OR 2.01 (95% CI 1.34-3.01). The risk of ODs in women was significantly higher than in men - in the Czech Republic it corresponded to OR 3.20 (95% CI 2.79-3.67), in the Slovak Republic to OR 2.43 (95% CI 2.05-2.87). The difference between the two states did not reach statistical significance in any of the studied factors. In both states, no ODs were reported from the microenterprises. CONCLUSION: Given the results of the study, it can be recommended to focus on the ergonomics of assembly work in the automotive industry. Special attention should be given to the provision of occupational health services, especially in microenterprises.
- MeSH
- automobily * MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci z povolání epidemiologie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- zpracovatelský průmysl * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Slovenská republika MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Crashes due to motorcyclists colliding with an open car door can cause devastating injuries. In Taiwan, such crashes typically occur when the motorcyclist is travelling alongside a row of parallel-parked cars, and a driver suddenly opens the door in front of or next to the motorcycle without determining whether it is safe to do so. Injuries resulting from motorcycle door crashes tend to be severe. This study examined the factors that contribute to motorcycle door crashes. METHODS: By using linked data from the National Traffic Crash Dataset and Emergency Medical Service for Taipei City for the years 2010-2015, this study estimated a mixed multinomial logit model to predict the likelihood of three types of door crashes: driver-door crashes, left passenger-door crashes, and right passenger-door crashes. RESULTS: Data on 8237 motorcycle door crashes were extracted from the two datasets and matched. The results from the mixed multinomial logit model revealed that illegal parking, older car occupants, teenage car occupants, intoxicated car occupants and motorcyclists, and motorcycle speeding contribute to driver-door crashes; and female passengers and taxis as the type of vehicle involved in crash are associated with left passenger-door crashes. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggested that controlling motorcycle speed, and prosecuting illegal parking and drink driving/riding may constitute effective countermeasures. The "Dutch Reach" intervention measure, which is commonly adopted in Europe for bicycle door crashes, should be applied in Taiwan to curb motorcycle door crashes, especially for elderly car occupants.
- MeSH
- automobily statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- datové soubory jako téma MeSH
- dopravní nehody mortalita prevence a kontrola statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- logistické modely MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- motocykly statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- prostředky k ochraně hlavy statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- řízení pod vlivem návykové látky statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Taiwan MeSH
