Léčba Parkinsonovy nemoci je v současnosti stále léčbou symptomatickou a její management je primárně zaměřen na kontrolu motorických projevů. Hlavním pilířem současné terapie zůstávají dopaminergní preparáty nahrazující působení chybějícího dopaminu. Významného pokroku bylo v posledních desetiletích dosaženo v možnostech terapie pokročilého stadia onemocnění pomocí intervenčních metod, jako je léčba pumpovými systémy a hluboká mozková stimulace. Důležitou součástí léčby je ovlivnění non-motorických symptomů, které významně ovlivňují kvalitu života pacientů. Nové léčebné strategie schopné ovlivnit rozvoj a progresi onemocnění, které jsou stále ve fázi preklinického a klinického výzkumu, zahrnují nejrůznější léčebné postupy s cílem ovlivnit tvorbu a agregaci patologických forem alfa-synukleinu a modifikovat šíření patologického procesu v mozku.
Despite intensive research, the current treatment of Parkinson's disease is still symptomatic treatment and its management is primarily aimed at controlling motor symptoms. Dopaminergic agents that replace the action of the missing dopamine remain the mainstay of current therapy. In recent decades, significant progress has been made in the treatment of advanced stage of disease using interventional methods such as treatment with pump systems and deep brain stimulation. An important part of the treatment is the influence of non-motor symptoms, which significantly affect the quality of life of patients. New treatment strategies capable to affect the development and progression of the disease, which are still in the preclinical and clinical research phase, include various treatment procedures with the aim to influence the formation and aggregation of pathological forms of alpha-synuclein and modify the spread of the pathological process in the brain.
- MeSH
- agonisté dopaminu farmakologie klasifikace terapeutické užití MeSH
- amantadin farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- cholinergní antagonisté farmakologie klasifikace terapeutické užití MeSH
- hluboká mozková stimulace metody MeSH
- inhibitory katechol-O-methyltransferasy farmakologie klasifikace terapeutické užití MeSH
- inhibitory MAO farmakologie klasifikace terapeutické užití MeSH
- levodopa farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- motorické poruchy diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- Parkinsonova nemoc * diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex disease with an unknown etiology. Available treatments, limited to cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists, provide symptomatic relief only. As single-target therapies have not proven effective, rational specific-targeted combination into a single molecule represents a more promising approach for treating AD, and is expected to yield greater benefits in alleviating symptoms and slowing disease progression. In the present study, we designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated 24 novel N-methylpropargylamino-quinazoline derivatives. Initially, compounds were thoroughly inspected by in silico techniques determining their oral and CNS availabilities. We tested, in vitro, the compounds' effects on cholinesterases and monoamine oxidase A/B (MAO-A/B), as well as their impacts on NMDAR antagonism, dehydrogenase activity, and glutathione levels. In addition, we inspected selected compounds for their cytotoxicity on undifferentiated and differentiated neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. We collectively highlighted II-6h as the best candidate endowed with a selective MAO-B inhibition profile, NMDAR antagonism, an acceptable cytotoxicity profile, and the potential to permeate through BBB. The structure-guided drug design strategy applied in this study imposed a novel concept for rational drug discovery and enhances our understanding on the development of novel therapeutic agents for treating AD.
- MeSH
- acetylcholinesterasa metabolismus MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc * farmakoterapie MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory terapeutické užití MeSH
- inhibitory MAO terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monoaminoxidasa metabolismus MeSH
- neuroblastom * farmakoterapie MeSH
- racionální návrh léčiv MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Twenty-four novel compounds bearing tetrahydroacridine and N-propargyl moieties have been designed, synthesised, and evaluated in vitro for their anti-cholinesterase and anti-monoamine oxidase activities. Propargyltacrine 23 (IC50 = 21 nM) was the most potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, compound 20 (IC50 = 78 nM) showed the best inhibitory human butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE) profile, and ligand 21 afforded equipotent and significant values on both ChEs (human AChE [hAChE]: IC50 = 0.095 ± 0.001 μM; hBChE: IC50 = 0.093 ± 0.003 μM). Regarding MAO inhibition, compounds 7, 15, and 25 demonstrated the highest inhibitory potential towards hMAO-B (IC50 = 163, 40, and 170 nM, respectively). In all, compounds 7, 15, 20, 21, 23, and 25 exhibiting the most balanced pharmacological profile, were submitted to permeability and cell viability tests. As a result, 7-phenoxy-N-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-amine hydrochloride (15) has been identified as a permeable agent that shows a balanced pharmacological profile [IC50 (hAChE) = 1.472 ± 0.024 μM; IC50 (hBChE) = 0.659 ± 0.077 μM; IC50 (hMAO-B) = 40.39 ± 5.98 nM], and consequently, as a new hit-ligand that deserves further investigation, in particular in vivo analyses, as the preliminary cell viability test results reported here suggest that this is a relatively safe therapeutic agent.
- MeSH
- acetylcholinesterasa metabolismus MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc * farmakoterapie MeSH
- aminy MeSH
- butyrylcholinesterasa * metabolismus MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- inhibitory MAO farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ligandy MeSH
- monoaminoxidasa MeSH
- oxidoreduktasy MeSH
- racionální návrh léčiv MeSH
- takrin terapeutické užití MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The trends of novel AD therapeutics are focused on multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs), which combine cholinesterase inhibition with additional biological properties such as antioxidant properties to positively affect neuronal energy metabolism as well as mitochondrial function. We examined the in vitro effects of 10 novel MTDLs on the activities of mitochondrial enzymes (electron transport chain complexes and citrate synthase), mitochondrial respiration, and monoamine oxidase isoform (MAO-A and MAO-B) activity. The drug-induced effects of 7-MEOTA-adamantylamine heterodimers (K1011, K1013, K1018, K1020, and K1022) and tacrine/7-MEOTA/6-chlorotacrine-trolox heterodimers (K1046, K1053, K1056, K1060, and K1065) were measured in pig brain mitochondria. Most of the substances inhibited complex I- and complex II-linked respiration at high concentrations; K1046, K1053, K1056, and K1060 resulted in the least inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. Citrate synthase activity was not significantly inhibited by the tested substances; the least inhibition of complex I was observed for compounds K1060 and K1053, while both complex II/III and complex IV activity were markedly inhibited by K1011 and K1018. MAO-A was fully inhibited by K1018 and K1065, and MAO-B was fully inhibited by K1053 and K1065; the other tested drugs were partial inhibitors of both MAO-A and MAO-B. The tacrine/7-MEOTA/6-chlorotacrine-trolox heterodimers K1046, K1053, and K1060 seem to be the most suitable molecules for subsequent in vivo studies. These compounds had balanced inhibitory effects on mitochondrial respiration, with low complex I and complex II/III inhibition and full or partial inhibition of MAO-B activity.
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc farmakoterapie MeSH
- buněčné dýchání účinky léků MeSH
- energetický metabolismus * účinky léků MeSH
- inhibitory MAO farmakologie MeSH
- mitochondrie účinky léků enzymologie metabolismus MeSH
- monoaminoxidasa metabolismus MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- respirační komplex II metabolismus MeSH
- takrin chemie farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
A combination of several pharmacophores in one molecule has been successfully used for multi-target-directed ligands (MTDL) design. New propargylamine substituted derivatives combined with salicylic and cinnamic scaffolds were designed and synthesized as potential cholinesterases and monoamine oxidases (MAOs) inhibitors. They were evaluated invitro for inhibition of acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) using Ellman's method. All the compounds act as dual inhibitors. Most of the derivatives are stronger inhibitors of AChE, the best activity showed 5-bromo-N-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)salicylamide 1e (IC50 = 8.05 μM). Carbamates (4-bromo-2-[(prop-2-yn-1-yl)carbamoyl]phenyl ethyl(methyl)carbamate 2d and 2,4-dibromo-6-[(prop-2-yn-1-yl)carbamoyl]phenyl ethyl(methyl)carbamate 2e were selective and the most active for BuChE (25.10 and 26.09 μM). 4-Bromo-2-[(prop-2-yn-1-ylimino)methyl]phenol 4a was the most potent inhibitor of MAOs (IC50 of 3.95 and ≈10 μM for MAO-B and MAO-A, respectively) along with a balanced inhibition of both cholinesterases being a real MTDL. The mechanism of action was proposed, and binding modes of the hits were studied by molecular docking on human enzymes. Some of the derivatives also exhibited antioxidant properties. Insilico prediction of physicochemical parameters affirm that the molecules would be active after oral administration and able to reach brain tissue.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- butyrylcholinesterasa metabolismus MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- cholinesterasy metabolismus MeSH
- Electrophorus MeSH
- hepatocyty účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- inhibitory MAO chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- koně MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- monoaminoxidasa metabolismus MeSH
- pargylin analogy a deriváty chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- propylaminy chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus MeSH
- simulace molekulového dockingu * MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The identification and quantification of mitochondrial effects of novel antipsychotics (brexpiprazole, cariprazine, loxapine, and lurasidone) were studied in vitro in pig brain mitochondria. Selected parameters of mitochondrial metabolism, electron transport chain (ETC) complexes, citrate synthase (CS), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), monoamine oxidase (MAO), mitochondrial respiration, and total ATP and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were evaluated and associated with possible adverse effects of drugs. All tested antipsychotics decreased the ETC activities (except for complex IV, which increased in activity after brexpiprazole and loxapine addition). Both complex I- and complex II-linked respiration were dose-dependently inhibited, and significant correlations were found between complex I-linked respiration and both complex I activity (positive correlation) and complex IV activity (negative correlation). All drugs significantly decreased mitochondrial ATP production at higher concentrations. Hydrogen peroxide production was significantly increased at 10 μM brexpiprazole and lurasidone and at 100 μM cariprazine and loxapine. All antipsychotics acted as partial inhibitors of MAO-A, brexpiprazole and loxapine partially inhibited MAO-B. Based on our results, novel antipsychotics probably lacked oxygen uncoupling properties. The mitochondrial effects of novel antipsychotics might contribute on their adverse effects, which are mostly related to decreased ATP production and increased ROS production, while MAO-A inhibition might contribute to their antidepressant effect, and brexpiprazole- and loxapine-induced MAO-B inhibition might likely promote neuroplasticity and neuroprotection. The assessment of drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions is important in development of new drugs as well as in the understanding of molecular mechanism of adverse or side drug effects.
- MeSH
- adenosintrifosfát biosyntéza MeSH
- antipsychotika klasifikace farmakologie MeSH
- chinolony farmakologie MeSH
- elektronový transportní řetězec účinky léků MeSH
- energetický metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- inhibitory MAO farmakologie MeSH
- loxapin farmakologie MeSH
- lurasidon hydrochlorid farmakologie MeSH
- mitochondrie účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- peroxid vodíku metabolismus MeSH
- piperaziny farmakologie MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus MeSH
- receptory neurotransmiterů účinky léků MeSH
- spotřeba kyslíku účinky léků MeSH
- thiofeny farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- antidepresiva tricyklická farmakologie škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- antidepresiva farmakologie škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- antipsychotika farmakologie škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- anxiolytika farmakologie škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- benzodiazepiny farmakologie škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- duševní poruchy farmakoterapie MeSH
- hypnotika a sedativa farmakologie škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- inhibitory MAO farmakologie škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- inhibitory zpětného vychytávání serotoninu a noradrenalinu farmakologie škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nootropní látky farmakologie škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- odvykací prostředky alkoholu farmakologie škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- psychotropní léky * farmakologie škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- selektivní inhibitory zpětného vychytávání serotoninu farmakologie škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The development of selective inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) has been essential in treating Parkinson's disease. However, the apparent hepatotoxicity and drug-drug interactions of current inhibitors accentuate the need for the development of novel pharmacotherapies. Crossyne guttata (L.) D. & U. Müll-Doblies is used frequently by Rastafarian bush doctors to treat alcoholism, a disorder which is also accentuated by MAO. OBJECTIVE: The study sought to isolate, identify and characterise the biologically active constituents of C. guttata based on their ability to inhibit the MAO enzymes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Column chromatography was used to isolate the biologically active alkaloids of C. guttata. The ability of the alkaloids to inhibit the biotransformation of 4-aminoantipyrine by the MAO enzymes was evaluated in vitro. In silico docking was conducted using AutoDock Vina server while the pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds were evaluated using SwissADME. RESULTS: Chromatographic separation of an ethanolic fraction of C. guttata yielded the alkaloids crinamine 1 and epibuphanisine 2. 1 and 2 along with structurally related alkaloids haemanthamine 3 and haemanthidine 4 were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the action of isozymes of MAO in vitro. Alkaloids effected submicromolar IC50 values against MAO-B, the most potent of which being crinamine 1 (0.014 μM) > haemanthidine 4 (0.017 μM) > epibuphanisine 2 (0.039 μM) > haemanthamine 3 (0.112 μM). Binding energies of the alkaloids correlated well with their inhibitory potential with crinamine displaying the best binding efficacy and binding energy score with MAO-B. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Crinamine and epibuphanisine exhibited potent and selective inhibitory activity towards MAO-B. After comprehensive in silico investigations encompassing robust molecular docking analysis, the drug-like attributes and safety of the alkaloids suggest the crinamine is a potentially safe drug for human application.
- MeSH
- alkaloidy amarylkovitých chemie farmakokinetika farmakologie toxicita MeSH
- bezpečnost pacientů MeSH
- biologické modely * MeSH
- Cercopithecus aethiops MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- inhibitory MAO chemie farmakokinetika farmakologie toxicita MeSH
- konformace proteinů MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monoaminoxidasa chemie metabolismus MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- Salmonella typhimurium účinky léků genetika MeSH
- simulace molekulového dockingu * MeSH
- Vero buňky MeSH
- viabilita buněk účinky léků MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
