BACKGROUND: Maternal perinatal mental health is essential for optimal brain development and mental health of the offspring. We evaluated whether maternal depression during the perinatal period and early life of the offspring might be selectively associated with altered brain function during emotion regulation and whether those may further correlate with physiological responses and the typical use of emotion regulation strategies. METHODS: Participants included 163 young adults (49% female, 28-30 years) from the ELSPAC prenatal birth cohort who took part in its neuroimaging follow-up and had complete mental health data from the perinatal period and early life. Maternal depressive symptoms were measured mid-pregnancy, 2 weeks, 6 months, and 18 months after birth. Regulation of negative affect was studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging, concurrent skin conductance response (SCR) and heart rate variability (HRV), and assessment of typical emotion regulation strategy. RESULTS: Maternal depression 2 weeks after birth interacted with sex and showed a relationship with greater brain response during emotion regulation in a right frontal cluster in women. Moreover, this brain response mediated the relationship between greater maternal depression 2 weeks after birth and greater suppression of emotions in young adult women (ab = 0.11, SE = 0.05, 95% CI [0.016; 0.226]). The altered brain response during emotion regulation and the typical emotion regulation strategy were also as sociated with SCR and HRV. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that maternal depression 2 weeks after birth predisposes female offspring to maladaptive emotion regulation skills and particularly to emotion suppression in young adulthood.
- MeSH
- Depression physiopathology diagnostic imaging MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Emotional Regulation * physiology MeSH
- Galvanic Skin Response physiology MeSH
- Cohort Studies MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging * MeSH
- Mothers psychology MeSH
- Brain diagnostic imaging physiopathology MeSH
- Heart Rate physiology MeSH
- Pregnancy MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Pregnancy MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Správný psychomotorický vývoj v prvním roce života je důležitý pro celý další vývoj dítěte. Popisujeme psychomotorický vývoj u zdravého dítěte po jednotlivých měsících s důrazem na zásadní vývojové mezníky v tomto období. Korespondující autorka: MUDr. Renata Cíbochová Klinika dětské neurologie 2. LF UK a FN Motol V úvalu 84 150 06 Praha 5-Motol Renata.Cibochova@fnmotol.cz
Correct psychomotor development in the first year of a life is essential for all the further development. We aim to describe psychomotor development in a healthy child month after month, with an emphasis on essential developmental milestones.
- Keywords
- psychomotorický vývoj,
- MeSH
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Infant, Newborn MeSH
- Movement physiology MeSH
- Prone Position physiology MeSH
- Psychomotor Performance physiology MeSH
- Reflex physiology MeSH
- Child Development * physiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Infant, Newborn MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- MeSH
- Electroencephalography MeSH
- Cognition physiology MeSH
- Cognitive Science methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Brain physiology MeSH
- Neurons physiology MeSH
- Perception physiology MeSH
- Reflex physiology MeSH
- Sleep Stages MeSH
- Consciousness * physiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
RATIONALE: Mescaline is a classical psychedelic compound with a phenylethylamine structure that primarily acts on serotonin 5-HT2A/C receptors, but also binds to 5-HT1A and 5-HT2B receptors. Despite being the first psychedelic ever isolated and synthesized, the precise role of different serotonin receptor subtypes in its behavioral pharmacology is not fully understood. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to investigate how selective antagonists of 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT1A receptors affect the behavioral changes induced by subcutaneous administration of mescaline (at doses of 10, 20, and 100 mg/kg) in rats. METHODS: We used adult male Wistar rats in all our experiments. We evaluated locomotor activity using the open field test, and assessed sensorimotor gating deficits by measuring prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle reaction (ASR). RESULTS: While the highest dose of mescaline induced hyperlocomotion (p < 0.001), which almost all the other antagonists reversed (p < 0.05-0.001), the PPI deficits were selectively normalized by the 5-HT2A antagonist (p < 0.05-0.01). The 5-HT2C antagonist partially reversed the small PPI deficit induced by lower doses of mescaline (p = 0.0017). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that mescaline-induced changes in behavior are primarily mediated by the 5-HT2A receptor subtype, with less pronounced contributions from the 5-HT2C receptor. The other antagonists had limited effects.
- MeSH
- Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists pharmacology MeSH
- Serotonin Antagonists pharmacology MeSH
- Behavior, Animal * drug effects MeSH
- Hallucinogens pharmacology administration & dosage MeSH
- Rats MeSH
- Locomotion drug effects MeSH
- Mescaline * pharmacology MeSH
- Motor Activity drug effects MeSH
- Rats, Wistar * MeSH
- Prepulse Inhibition drug effects MeSH
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A * metabolism drug effects MeSH
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C * metabolism drug effects MeSH
- Reflex, Startle drug effects MeSH
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rats MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
This study aimed to investigate changes in the H-reflex recruitment curve in compressive radiculopathy, specifically assessing differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic limbs in patients with unilateral S1 radiculopathy through derived parameters. A total of 24 volunteers (15 male and 9 female, aged between 22 and 60 years) with confirmed nerve root compression in the L5/S1 segment participated. Nerve root compression was verified through clinical MRI examination and attributed to disc protrusion, spinal canal stenosis, or isthmic spondylolisthesis of L5/S1. Analysis revealed no difference in M-wave threshold intensity between symptomatic and non-symptomatic limbs. However, the H-reflex exhibited a trend toward increased threshold intensity in the symptomatic limb. Notably, a significant decrease in the slope of the H-reflex was observed on the symptomatic side, and the maximal H-reflex amplitude proved to be markedly different between the two limbs. The Hmax/Mmax ratio demonstrated a significant decrease in the symptomatic limb, indicating reduced effectiveness of signal translation. In conclusion, our findings emphasize the importance of H-reflex parameters in evaluating altered recruitment curves, offering valuable insights for neurological examinations. The observed differences in maximal values of M-wave, H-reflex, and their ratio in affected and unaffected limbs can enhance the diagnostic process for lumbosacral unilateral radiculopathy and contribute to a standardized approach in clinical assessments.
- MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Electromyography MeSH
- H-Reflex * physiology MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Radiculopathy * physiopathology diagnosis MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
We hypothesized that sympathetic hyperactivity and parasympathetic insuficiency in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) underlie their exaggerated cardiovascular response to acute stress and impaired adaptation to repeated restraint stress exposure compared to Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Cardiovascular responses to single (120 min) or repeated (daily 120 min for 1 week) restraint were measured by radiotelemetry and autonomic balance was evaluated by power spectral analysis of systolic blood pressure variability (SBPV) and heart rate variability (HRV). Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was measured by the pharmacological Oxford technique. Stress-induced pressor response and vascular sympathetic activity (low-frequency component of SBPV) were enhanced in SHR subjected to single restraint compared to WKY, whereas stress-induced tachycardia was similar in both strains. SHR exhibited attenuated cardiac parasympathetic activity (high-frequency component of HRV) and blunted BRS compared to WKY. Repeated restraint did not affect the stress-induced increase in blood pressure. However, cardiovascular response during the post-stress recovery period of the 7th restraint was reduced in both strains. The repeatedly restrained SHR showed lower basal heart rate during the dark (active) phase and slightly decreased basal blood pressure during the light phase compared to stress-naive SHR. SHR subjected to repeated restraint also exhibited attenuated stress-induced tachycardia, augmented cardiac parasympathetic activity, attenuated vascular sympathetic activity and improved BRS during the last seventh restraint compared to single-stressed SHR. Thus, SHR exhibited enhanced cardiovascular and sympathetic responsiveness to novel stressor exposure (single restraint) compared to WKY. Unexpectedly, the adaptation of cardiovascular and autonomic responses to repeated restraint was more effective in SHR.
- MeSH
- Autonomic Nervous System * physiopathology MeSH
- Baroreflex * physiology MeSH
- Restraint, Physical * MeSH
- Adaptation, Physiological * physiology MeSH
- Hypertension * physiopathology MeSH
- Blood Pressure * physiology MeSH
- Rats MeSH
- Rats, Inbred SHR * MeSH
- Rats, Inbred WKY * MeSH
- Stress, Psychological physiopathology MeSH
- Heart Rate * physiology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rats MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are characterized by sympathetic hyperactivity and insufficient parasympathetic activity, and their high blood pressure (BP) can be lowered by long-term inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. The aim of our study was to determine the influence of chronic inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) by captopril on cardiovascular regulation by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Implanted radiotelemetric probes or arterial cannulas were used to measure mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and arterial baroreflex in adult SHR and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats under basal or stress conditions. MAP and the low-frequency component of systolic blood pressure variability (LF-SBPV, marker of sympathetic activity) were greater in SHR than in WKY rats. Under basal conditions chronic captopril treatment reduced both parameters more effectively in SHR, and the same was true during acute restraint stress. HR was similar in control rats of both strains, but WKY rats showed greater heart rate variability (HRV), indicating higher parasympathetic activity. Captopril administration increased HR in both strains, whereas HRV was decreased only in WKY. Chronic captopril treatment improved the impaired baroreflex-HR control in SHR by increasing the sensitivity but not the capacity of vagal arm of arterial baroreflex. Captopril treatment attenuated BP changes elicited by dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP, agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors), especially in SHR, indicating that sympathetic nerve transmission is facilitated by angiotensin II more in hypertensive than in normotensive animals. Thus, chronic ACE inhibition improves baroreflex sensitivity and lowers BP through both central and peripheral attenuation of sympathetic tone.
- MeSH
- Baroreflex * drug effects MeSH
- Hypertension drug therapy physiopathology enzymology MeSH
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors * pharmacology MeSH
- Captopril * pharmacology MeSH
- Blood Pressure * drug effects MeSH
- Rats MeSH
- Rats, Inbred SHR MeSH
- Rats, Inbred WKY MeSH
- Heart Rate * drug effects MeSH
- Sympathetic Nervous System * drug effects MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rats MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Radial Nerve * diagnostic imaging MeSH
- Neurilemmoma * diagnostic imaging surgery MeSH
- Reflex physiology MeSH
- Ultrasonography MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a headshake applied during galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) can enhance GVS-induced nystagmus in healthy subjects. METHODS: In nineteen healthy participants, we evaluated an average slow-phase velocity (aSPV) of nystagmus in a head-still and after the headshake conditions, with/out the bitemporal 2 mA GVS. The GVS was applied also with polarity congruent (supporting) or incongruent (suppressing) to any preexisting spontaneous nystagmus. RESULTS: The orientation of GVS-induced nystagmus depended on GVS polarity. In the head-still condition, the GVS-induced nystagmus in 14 subjects (74%) for congruent and in 12 subjects (63%) for incongruent GVS. During headshake, we recorded nystagmus in 16 subjects (84%) for congruent and 15 subjects (79%) for incongruent GVS. The aSPV of congruent GVS-induced nystagmus was higher (p = 0.0003) by 1.33 (SE 0.26) deg/s for headshake compared to head-still condition. The aSPV of incongruent GVS also induced higher nystagmus (p = 0.0014) by 1.24 (SE 0.28) deg/s for the headshake condition. CONCLUSION: Our study adds a new principle to the knowledge of the central processing of a GVS response in healthy subjects. The GVS-safety profile of current up to 2 mA was sufficient to elicit a significant GVS nystagmus response in a head-still position in 63% and after a headshake in 79%. Compared to the GVS head-still condition, a headshake enhanced the GVS-induced nystagmus more than twice. SIGNIFICANCE: The headshake helps to identify GVS-induced nystagmus, which can be weak or absent during the head-still condition.
- MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Electric Stimulation * methods MeSH
- Nystagmus, Physiologic * physiology MeSH
- Head Movements physiology MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Eye Movements physiology MeSH
- Vestibule, Labyrinth * physiology MeSH
- Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular physiology MeSH
- Healthy Volunteers MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
