Správný psychomotorický vývoj v prvním roce života je důležitý pro celý další vývoj dítěte. Popisujeme psychomotorický vývoj u zdravého dítěte po jednotlivých měsících s důrazem na zásadní vývojové mezníky v tomto období. Korespondující autorka: MUDr. Renata Cíbochová Klinika dětské neurologie 2. LF UK a FN Motol V úvalu 84 150 06 Praha 5-Motol Renata.Cibochova@fnmotol.cz
Correct psychomotor development in the first year of a life is essential for all the further development. We aim to describe psychomotor development in a healthy child month after month, with an emphasis on essential developmental milestones.
- Klíčová slova
- psychomotorický vývoj,
- MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- pohyb fyziologie MeSH
- pronační poloha fyziologie MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon fyziologie MeSH
- reflex fyziologie MeSH
- vývoj dítěte * fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- elektroencefalografie MeSH
- kognice fyziologie MeSH
- kognitivní věda metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozek fyziologie MeSH
- neurony fyziologie MeSH
- percepce fyziologie MeSH
- reflex fyziologie MeSH
- stadia spánku MeSH
- vědomí * fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nervus radialis * diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- neurilemom * diagnostické zobrazování chirurgie MeSH
- reflex fyziologie MeSH
- ultrasonografie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The blink reflex (BR) is integrated at the brainstem; however, it is modulated by inputs from various structures such as the striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and nucleus raphe magnus but also from afferent input from the peripheral nervous system. Therefore, it provides information about the pathophysiology of numerous peripheral and central nervous system disorders. The BR is a valuable tool for studying the integrity of the trigemino-facial system, the relevant brainstem nuclei, and circuits. At the same time, some neurophysiological techniques applying the BR may indicate abnormalities involving structures rostral to the brainstem that modulate or control the BR circuits. This is a state-of-the-art review of the clinical application of BR modulation; physiology is reviewed in part 1. In this review, we aim to present the role of the BR and techniques related to its modulation in understanding pathophysiological mechanisms of motor control and pain disorders, in which these techniques are diagnostically helpful. Furthermore, some BR techniques may have a predictive value or serve as a basis for follow-up evaluation. BR testing may benefit in the diagnosis of hemifacial spasm, dystonia, functional movement disorders, migraine, orofacial pain, and psychiatric disorders. Although the abnormalities in the integrity of the BR pathway itself may provide information about trigeminal or facial nerve disorders, alterations in BR excitability are found in several disease conditions. BR excitability studies are suitable for understanding the common pathophysiological mechanisms behind various clinical entities, elucidating alterations in top-down inhibitory systems, and allowing for follow-up and quantitation of many neurological syndromes.
- MeSH
- dystonické poruchy * MeSH
- hemifaciální spazmus * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mrkání MeSH
- obličejová bolest MeSH
- periferní nervový systém MeSH
- reflex fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Cough is one of the most important airway defensive reflexes aimed at removing foreign particles or endogenously produced materials from the airways and provides protection against aspiration. Generally considered, cough is a vital physiological defensive mechanism for lung health. However, in case of cough dysregulation this reflex can become pathological and leads to an adverse influence on daily life. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively evaluate the severity of cough for its diagnosis and treatment. There are subjective and objective methods for assessing cough. These methods should help describe the heterogeneity of cough phenotypes and may establish better treatment by monitoring response to nonpharmacological or pharmacological therapies. It is important to keep in mind that the clinical assessment of cough should include both tools that measure the amount and severity of the cough. The importance of a combined subjective and objective evaluation for a comprehensive assessment of cough has been advocated in the guidelines of the European Respiratory Society on cough evaluation. This review article provides an overview of subjective and objective methods for assessing and monitoring cough in children and adults comparing to animal models. Key words Cough frequency; Cough intensity; Cough reflex sensitivity; Cough monitors; Cough assessment.
Bronchial asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disease of childhood. Cough is one of its defining symptoms. This study investigated the associations between selected inflammatory biomarkers and cough reflex sensitivity after capsaicin inhalation in children with mild and moderate well-controlled type 2 endotype asthma compared with non-asthmatic probands. Sensitivity to the cough reflex was measured by recording the cough response after capsaicin inhalation. The sandwich ELISA method was used to measure serum concentrations of the investigated potential inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin 13, interleukin 1beta, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin). The acquired data were statistically evaluated according to descriptive analyses for summarization and comparison between cough reflex sensitivity parameters and individual biomarker values in the observed and control groups modeled by a simple linear regression model. Statistical significance was defined as p<0.05. We showed a statistically significant association (p-value 0.03) between cough reflex sensitivity - C2 value (capsaicin concentration required for two cough responses) and interleukin 1beta serum concentrations in the asthma group compared with the control group of non-asthmatic children. Our results support the possibility of interleukin 1beta as a potential additive inflammatory biomarker used in clinical practice in children with asthma because of its correlation with the activity of the afferent nerve endings in the airways.
- MeSH
- biologické markery MeSH
- bronchiální astma * diagnóza komplikace MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- interleukin-1beta MeSH
- kapsaicin MeSH
- kašel * etiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- reflex fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Introduction: Spasm of the near reflex usually includes accommodative spasm, esophoria/tropia, and different degrees of miosis. Patients usually refer to distance blurred and fluctuating vision, ocular discomfort, and headaches. The diagnosis is established with refraction with and without cycloplegia; most of the cases have a functional etiology. However, some cases require neurological conditions to be ruled out; cycloplegics have an important diagnostic and therapeutic role. Purpose: To describe a case of bilateral severe accommodative spasm in a healthy 14-year-old teenager. Case presentation: A 14-year-old boy with progressive diminished visual acuity attended for YSP consultation. The diagnosis of bilateral spasm of the near reflex was made, based on a gap refraction of 9.75 D between retinoscopy with and without cycloplegia and esophoria with normal keratometry and axial length. The spasm was eliminated with 2 drops of cycloplegic in each eye separated by 15 days; no clear etiology was found other than the start of school. Conclusion: Clinicians should be aware of pseudomyopia, especially in children with acute changes in visual acuity, who are usually exposed to myopigenic environmental factors that induce overstimulation of the parasympathetic third cranial nerve’s innervation.
- MeSH
- akomodace oka * MeSH
- atropin aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- esotropie diagnóza etiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mydriatika MeSH
- reflex fyziologie MeSH
- refrakce oka MeSH
- spasmus farmakoterapie patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- muskuloskeletální manipulace klasifikace metody MeSH
- muskuloskeletální systém * diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- neurologické vyšetření klasifikace metody MeSH
- palpace metody MeSH
- pohybové poruchy diagnóza klasifikace patofyziologie MeSH
- reflex fyziologie MeSH
- reflexní terapie metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- psychomotorický vývoj,
- MeSH
- Babinského reflex fyziologie MeSH
- centrální nervový systém * růst a vývoj MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- embryonální a fetální vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neurologické vyšetření metody MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- reflex fyziologie MeSH
- vývoj dítěte fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
