Cieľ: Cieľom štúdie bolo popísať výskyt HIV-1 subtypov a HIV-1 kmeňov rezistentných na antiretrovírusovú liečbu (ART) u HIV pozitívnych osôb novo diagnostikovaných na Slovensku v rokoch 2019–2021. Materiál a metódy: Študijnú skupinu tvorilo 184 HIV pozitívnych naivných pacientov novo diagnostikovaných na Slovensku v rokoch 2019–2021. Vírusová HIV-1 RNA bola izolovaná z plazmy pomocou QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Nemecko). Pre RT-PCR a sekvenovanie oblasti HIV pol sme použili interné postupy podľa protokolu ANRS AC11 pre RT (reverzná transkriptáza), PRO (proteáza) a IN (integráza) (ANRS AC11 Resistance Study Group, 2015). Analýzu sekvencií sme uskutočnili pomocou softvéru Sequencing Analysis Software v5.3 (Applied Biosystems®). HIV sekvencie boli manuálne upravené pomocou BioEdit (verzia 7.2.5), porovnané s konsenzuálnymi HIV-1 sekvenciami v Los Alamos Sequence Database (URL 2), zarovnané pomocou CLUSTAL W (Labarga et al., 2007) a softvérových balíkov BioEdit (verzia 7.2 .5) (Hall, 1999). Na vyhodnotenie sekvencie sme použili algoritmus HIVDB (verzia 9.0) Stanfordskej databázy HIV liekovej rezistencie (URL 1.). Na analýzu HIV-1 subtypov sme použili nástroj REGA HIV-1 Subtyping Tool (De Oliviera et al., 2005) a fylogenetickú analýzu sme vypracovali pomocou programu MEGA X (Kumar et al., 2018). Výsledky: Fylogenetickú analýzu sme vykonali zo vzoriek 184 osôb, kde sme odhalili najrozšírenejší subtyp B (129/184, 70,11 %) prevládajúci v populácii u mužov, ktorí majú sex s mužmi (MSM) (96/129 74,42 %). Čo sa týka non-B subtypov (55/184, 29,89 %), najrozšírenejší bol subtyp A (48/184, 26,09 %) v porovnaní so subtypom F (F1) (3; 1,63 %), C (1; 0,54 %) a cirkulujúcimi rekombinantnými formami CRF02_AG (2; 1,09 %), CRF01_AE (1; 0,54 %). U 9,24 % (17/184) vzoriek sme zistili prítomnosť 25 mutácií asociovaných s HIV rezistenciou na ART, z toho 7,07 % (13/184) na inhibítory reverznej transkriptázy, 1,66 % (3/181) na inhibítory proteázy a 1,32 % (2/151) na inhibítory integrázy. Okrem toho u 1,63 % (3/184) pacientov bola prítomná viactriedna rezistencia. Mutácie asociované s rezistenciou HIV na ART sa našli u 9,30 % osôb infikovaných podtypom B. Záver: Naša štúdia potvrdila pretrvávajúci najvyšší výskyt subtypu B s mierne klesajúcou tendenciou v porovnaní s minulými rokmi. Detekcia mutácií vytvárajúcich rezistenciu HIV na ART podčiarkuje potrebu testovania rezistencie u naivných pacientov ešte pred začatím ART na Slovensku.
Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the prevalence of HIV-1 subtypes and HIV-1 strains resistant to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-positive persons newly diagnosed in Slovakia in 2019–2021. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 184 HIV-positive na?ve patients newly diagnosed in Slovakia from 2019 to 2021. The viral HIV-1 RNA was isolated from plasma by the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Germany). For RT-PCR and sequencing of the HIV pol region, in-house procedures were used according to the ANRS AC11 protocol for RT (reverse transcriptase), PRO (protease), and IN (integrase) [ANRS AC11 Resistance Study Group, 2015]. Analysis of sequences was performed using Sequencing Analysis Software v5.3 (Applied Biosystems®). HIV sequences were manually edited using BioEdit (version 7.2.5), compared with consensus HIV-1 sequences in the Los Alamos Sequence Database (URL 2), aligned using CLUSTAL W [Labarga et al., 2007] and BioEdit software packages (version 7.2 .5) [Hall, 1999]. HIVDB Algorithm (version 9.0) of the Stanford HIV Drug resistance database (URL 1.) was used for sequence evaluation. For HIV-1 subtype analysis, the REGA HIV-1 Subtyping Tool [De Oliviera et al., 2005] and phylogenetic analysis MEGA X [Kumar et al., 2018] were used. Results: Phylogenetic analyses performed in samples of 184 persons revealed the most prevalent subtype B (129/184, 70.11%), detected to the greatest extent in the population of men who have sex with men (MSM) (96/129 74.42%). Concerning non-B subtypes (55/184, 29.89%), subtype A was found with the highest prevalence (48/184, 26.09%) compared to subtype F (F1) (3; 1.63%), C (1; 0.54%) and circulating recombinant forms CRF02_AG (2; 1.09%), CRF01_AE (1; 0.54%). In 9.24% (17/184) of samples, 25 mutations clinically relevant and associated with HIV resistance ART were detected, of which 7.07% (13/184) to reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 1.66% (3/181) to protease inhibitors and 1.32% (2/151) to integrase inhibitors. In addition, multiclass resistance was present in 1.63% (3/184) of patients. Mutations associated with HIV resistance to ART were found in 9.30 % of persons infected with subtype B. Conclusion: Our study confirmed ongoing highest prevalence of subtype B with a slightly decreasing trend compared to last years. Detection of mutations causing HIV resistance to ART underlines the need for resistance testing in na?ve patients even before the initiation of ART in Slovakia.
- MeSH
- antiretrovirové látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- genetické techniky MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- HIV infekce * epidemiologie farmakoterapie přenos MeSH
- HIV-1 genetika účinky léků MeSH
- klinická studie jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutace genetika MeSH
- virová léková rezistence MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
Fullerene derivatives with hydrophilic substituents have been shown to exhibit a range of biological activities, including antiviral ones. For a long time, the anti-HIV activity of fullerene derivatives was believed to be due to their binding into the hydrophobic pocket of HIV-1 protease, thereby blocking its activity. Recent work, however, brought new evidence of a novel, protease-independent mechanism of fullerene derivatives' action. We studied in more detail the mechanism of the anti-HIV-1 activity of N,N-dimethyl[70]fulleropyrrolidinium iodide fullerene derivatives. By using a combination of in vitro and cell-based approaches, we showed that these C70 derivatives inhibited neither HIV-1 protease nor HIV-1 maturation. Instead, our data indicate effects of fullerene C70 derivatives on viral genomic RNA packaging and HIV-1 cDNA synthesis during reverse transcription-without impairing reverse transcriptase activity though. Molecularly, this could be explained by a strong binding affinity of these fullerene derivatives to HIV-1 nucleocapsid domain, preventing its proper interaction with viral genomic RNA, thereby blocking reverse transcription and HIV-1 infectivity. Moreover, the fullerene derivatives' oxidative activity and fluorescence quenching, which could be one of the reasons for the inconsistency among reported anti-HIV-1 mechanisms, are discussed herein.
- MeSH
- fullereny metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- genom virový účinky léků MeSH
- genové produkty gag - virus lidské imunodeficience metabolismus MeSH
- HEK293 buňky MeSH
- HIV-1 účinky léků genetika metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- látky proti HIV metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nukleokapsida - proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- reverzní transkripce MeSH
- RNA virová metabolismus MeSH
- svlékání virového obalu účinky léků MeSH
- vazba proteinů MeSH
- virion metabolismus MeSH
- zabalení virového genomu účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
This study describes the discovery of novel prodrugs bearing tyrosine derivatives instead of the phenol moiety present in FDA-approved tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF). The synthesis was optimized to afford diastereomeric mixtures of novel prodrugs in one pot (yields up to 86%), and the epimers were resolved using a chiral HPLC column into fast-eluting and slow-eluting epimers. In human lymphocytes, the most efficient tyrosine-based prodrug reached a single-digit picomolar EC50 value against HIV-1 and nearly 300-fold higher selectivity index (SI) compared to TAF. In human hepatocytes, the most efficient prodrugs exhibited subnanomolar EC50 values for HBV and up to 26-fold higher SI compared to TAF. Metabolic studies demonstrated markedly higher cellular uptake of the prodrugs and substantially higher levels of released tenofovir inside the cells compared to TAF. These promising results provide a strong foundation for further evaluation of the reported prodrugs and their potential utility in the development of highly potent antivirals.
- MeSH
- amidy chemie MeSH
- antivirové látky chemie farmakologie MeSH
- fenol chemie MeSH
- hepatocyty virologie MeSH
- HIV-1 účinky léků MeSH
- kyseliny fosforečné chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- objevování léků * MeSH
- prekurzory léčiv chemie farmakologie MeSH
- stereoizomerie MeSH
- tenofovir chemie farmakologie MeSH
- tyrosin chemie MeSH
- virus hepatitidy B účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Viral proteases are indispensable for successful virion maturation, thus making them a prominent drug target. Their enzyme activity is tightly spatiotemporally regulated by expression in the precursor form with little or no activity, followed by activation via autoprocessing. These cleavage events are frequently triggered upon transportation to a specific compartment inside the host cell. Typically, precursor oligomerization or the presence of a co-factor is needed for activation. A detailed understanding of these mechanisms will allow ligands with non-canonical mechanisms of action to be designed, which would specifically modulate the initial irreversible steps of viral protease autoactivation. Binding sites exclusive to the precursor, including binding sites beyond the protease domain, can be exploited. Both inhibition and up-regulation of the proteolytic activity of viral proteases can be detrimental for the virus. All these possibilities are discussed using examples of medically relevant viruses including herpesviruses, adenoviruses, retroviruses, picornaviruses, caliciviruses, togaviruses, flaviviruses, and coronaviruses.
- MeSH
- antivirové látky farmakologie MeSH
- Flavivirus účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- Herpesviridae účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- HIV-1 účinky léků MeSH
- inhibitory virových proteáz farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lidské adenoviry účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- virové nemoci farmakoterapie MeSH
- virové proteasy biosyntéza metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
HIV-1 persists lifelong in memory cells of the immune system as latent provirus that rebounds upon treatment interruption. Therefore, the latent reservoir is the main target for an HIV cure. Here, we studied the direct link between integration site and transcription using LEDGINs and Barcoded HIV-ensembles (B-HIVE). LEDGINs are antivirals that inhibit the interaction between HIV-1 integrase and the chromatin-tethering factor LEDGF/p75. They were used as a tool to retarget integration, while the effect on HIV expression was measured with B-HIVE. B-HIVE tracks insert-specific HIV expression by tagging a unique barcode in the HIV genome. We confirmed that LEDGINs retarget integration out of gene-dense and actively transcribed regions. The distance to H3K36me3, the marker recognized by LEDGF/p75, clearly increased. LEDGIN treatment reduced viral RNA expression and increased the proportion of silent provirus. Finally, silent proviruses obtained after LEDGIN treatment were located further away from epigenetic marks associated with active transcription. Interestingly, proximity to enhancers stimulated transcription irrespective of LEDGIN treatment, while the distance to H3K36me3 only changed after treatment with LEDGINs. The fact that proximity to these markers are associated with RNA expression support the direct link between provirus integration site and viral expression.
- MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- chromatin metabolismus MeSH
- histony metabolismus MeSH
- HIV-1 účinky léků genetika metabolismus MeSH
- inhibitory HIV-integrasy farmakologie MeSH
- integrace viru * účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mezibuněčné signální peptidy a proteiny MeSH
- proviry genetika MeSH
- regulace exprese virových genů * účinky léků MeSH
- RNA virová metabolismus MeSH
- umlčování genů * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Today, HIV-1 infection has become an extensive problem to public health and a greater challenge to all working researchers throughout the world. Since the beginning of HIV-1 virus, several antiviral therapeutic agents have been developed at various stages to combat HIV-1 infection. But, many of antiviral drugs are on the platform of drug resistance and toxicology issues, needs an urgent constructive investigation for the development of productive and protective therapeutics to make an improvement of individual life suffering with viral infection. As developing a novel agent is very costly, challenging and time taking route in the recent times. METHODS: The review summarized about the modern approaches of computational aided drug discovery to developing a novel inhibitor within a short period of time and less cost. RESULTS: The outcome suggests on the premise of reported information that the computational drug discovery is a powerful technology to design a defensive and fruitful therapeutic agents to combat HIV-1 infection and recover the lifespan of suffering one. CONCLUSION: Based on survey of the reported information, we concluded that the current computational approaches is highly supportive in the progress of drug discovery and controlling the viral infection.
Shortly after entering the cell, HIV-1 copies its genomic RNA into double-stranded DNA in a process known as reverse transcription. This process starts inside a core consisting of an enclosed lattice of capsid proteins that protect the viral RNA from cytosolic sensors and degradation pathways. To accomplish reverse transcription and integrate cDNA into the host cell genome, the capsid shell needs to be disassembled, or uncoated. Premature or delayed uncoating attenuates reverse transcription and blocks HIV-1 infectivity. Small molecules that bind to the capsid lattice of the HIV-1 core and either destabilize or stabilize its structure could thus function as effective HIV-1 inhibitors. To screen for such compounds, we modified our recently developed FAITH assay to allow direct assessment of the stability of in vitro preassembled HIV-1 capsid-nucleocapsid (CANC) tubular particles. This new assay is a high-throughput fluorescence method based on measuring the amount of nucleic acid released from CANC complexes under disassembly conditions. The amount of disassembled CANC particles and released nucleic acid is proportional to the fluorescence signal, from which the relative percentage of CANC stability can be calculated. We consider our assay a potentially powerful tool for in vitro screening for compounds that alter HIV disassembly.
- MeSH
- HIV infekce farmakoterapie MeSH
- HIV-1 účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- látky proti HIV chemie izolace a purifikace farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nukleokapsida analýza účinky léků MeSH
- proteiny virového jádra chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- RNA virová genetika MeSH
- rychlé screeningové testy MeSH
- sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
- sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
- svlékání virového obalu účinky léků genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
This review is a Part II of the series aiming to provide comprehensive overview of currently used antiviral drugs and to show modern approaches to their analysis. While in the Part I antivirals against herpes viruses and antivirals against respiratory viruses were addressed, this part concerns antivirals against hepatitis viruses (B and C) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Many novel antivirals against hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV have been introduced into the clinical practice over the last decade. The recent broadening portfolio of these groups of antivirals is reflected in increasing number of developed analytical methods required to meet the needs of clinical terrain. Part II summarizes the mechanisms of action of antivirals against hepatitis B virus (HBV), HCV, and HIV, their use in clinical practice, and analytical methods for individual classes. It also provides expert opinion on state of art in the field of bioanalysis of these drugs. Analytical methods reflect novelty of these chemical structures and use by far the most current approaches, such as simple and high-throughput sample preparation and fast separation, often by means of UHPLC-MS/MS. Proper method validation based on requirements of bioanalytical guidelines is an inherent part of the developed methods.
- MeSH
- antivirové látky analýza farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- biologické faktory analýza metabolismus MeSH
- hepatitida farmakoterapie metabolismus MeSH
- HIV infekce farmakoterapie metabolismus MeSH
- HIV-1 účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- Genvoya,
- MeSH
- chinolony farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- fixní kombinace léků MeSH
- HIV infekce * epidemiologie farmakoterapie MeSH
- HIV-1 * účinky léků MeSH
- kobicistat farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- kombinace léků emtricitabin a tenofovir farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- látky proti HIV * farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
HIV-1 infection cannot be cured as it persists in latently infected cells that are targeted neither by the immune system nor by available therapeutic approaches. Consequently, a lifelong therapy suppressing only the actively replicating virus is necessary. The latent reservoir has been defined and characterized in various experimental models and in human patients, allowing research and development of approaches targeting individual steps critical for HIV-1 latency establishment, maintenance, and reactivation. However, additional mechanisms and processes driving the remaining low-level HIV-1 replication in the presence of the suppressive therapy still remain to be identified and targeted. Current approaches toward HIV-1 cure involve namely attempts to reactivate and purge HIV latently infected cells (so-called "shock and kill" strategy), as well as approaches involving gene therapy and/or gene editing and stem cell transplantation aiming at generation of cells resistant to HIV-1. This review summarizes current views and concepts underlying different approaches aiming at functional or sterilizing cure of HIV-1 infection.
