Osteoporóza je chronické metabolické onemocnění kostí, které vzniká důsledkem nerovnováhy mezi kostní novotvorbou a resorpcí. Kostní remodelace je dynamický proces ovlivněný genetickými faktory, výživou a pohybovou aktivitou. Vápník, fosfor a vitamin D jsou ústředními nutričními faktory v prevenci a léčbě osteoporózy, ale vzhledem ke složitosti kostní tkáně je nezbytné zohlednit i další nutrienty. Článek shrnuje význam jednotlivých živin, diskutuje rizika spojená s nevhodnými stravovacími návyky, rostoucí spotřebou průmyslově zpracovaných potravin a zdůrazňuje význam celkového životního stylu v prevenci osteoporózy. Přehled poskytuje ucelený obraz na význam jednotlivých živin v primární prevenci osteoporózy s ohledem na aktuální trendy a nabízí praktická doporučení pro podporu zdraví kostí.
Osteoporosis is a chronic metabolic bone disease that results from an imbalance between bone formation and resorption. Bone remodeling is a dynamic process influenced by genetic factors, nutrition and physical activity. Calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D are key nutritional factors in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, but due to the complexity of bone tissue, other nutrients must also be considered. This article summarizes the importance of each nutrient, discusses the risks associated with inappropriate dietary habits, increasing consumption of ultra-processed foods and emphasizes the importance of overall lifestyle in the prevention of osteoporosis. This review offers a comprehensive view of the role of individual nutrients in the primary prevention of osteoporosis in the context of current trends and provides practical recommendations for maintaining bone health.
- MeSH
- fosfor metabolismus MeSH
- hořčík metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nenasycené mastné kyseliny metabolismus MeSH
- osteoporóza * prevence a kontrola MeSH
- proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- průmyslově zpracované potraviny MeSH
- vápník metabolismus MeSH
- vitaminy metabolismus terapeutické užití MeSH
- živiny MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Phosphate-solubilising fungi (PSF) are beneficial microorganisms that play a pivotal role in plant growth by increasing the availability of phosphorus (P) in soil. Although phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plants, it often becomes inaccessible as it binds into insoluble forms. PSF effectively facilitate the release of this bound phosphorus through diverse mechanisms. Numerous fungal species demonstrate the ability to solubilise various types of phosphate compounds. Among the commonly researched PSF are Penicillium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Fusarium, Trichoderma, and Sclerotium. Moreover, yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae can potentially be leveraged as PSF. PSF secrete organic acids that chelate phosphate ions, thereby increasing their solubility in the soil. Moreover, PSF contribute to the decomposition of organic phosphorus compounds in soil by employing enzymes such as phosphatases, phytases, and phosphonatases. Furthermore, PSF can interact with other soil microorganisms, including nitrogen-fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM-fungi), fostering synergistic effects that further enhance plant growth and nutrient absorption. The utilisation of PSF as biofertilisers offers numerous advantages over chemical fertilisers, including environmental friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and enhanced fertiliser utilisation efficiency. Furthermore, PSF can prove beneficial in challenging environments characterised by high phosphate sorption. Hence, this review serves as an updated study aimed at broadening the understanding of PSF and its potential applications in P solubilisation. This review also focuses on the diversity of PSF, the mechanisms underlying solubilisation, ecological roles of PSF in soil microbiome, and the benefits of sustainable agriculture. By delving into the ecological roles of PSF and their potential as biofertilisers, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of sustainable agriculture practices and addresses challenges in phosphate-scarce environments.
- MeSH
- fosfáty * metabolismus MeSH
- fosfor metabolismus MeSH
- houby * metabolismus růst a vývoj MeSH
- mykorhiza metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- průmyslová hnojiva * analýza MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
- vývoj rostlin * MeSH
- zemědělství * metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
In the past few decades, the pressure of higher food production to satisfy the demand of ever rising population has inevitably increased the use synthetic agrochemicals which have deterioration effects. Biostimulants containing beneficial microbes (single inoculants and microbial consortium) were found as an ideal substitute of synthetic chemical fertilizers. In recent years, microbial consortium is known as a better bioinoculant in comparison to single inoculant bioformulation because of multifarious plant growth-promoting advantages. Looking at the advantageous effect of consortium, in present investigation, different bacteria were isolated from rhizospheric soil and plant samples collected from the Himalayan mountains on the green slopes of the Shivaliks, Himachal Pradesh. The isolated bacteria were screened for nitrogen (N) fixation, phosphorus (P) solubilization and potassium (K) solubilization plant growth promoting attributes, and efficient strains were identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and BLASTn analysis. The bacteria showing a positive effect in NPK uptake were developed as bacterial consortium for the growth promotion of eggplant crop. A total of 188 rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria were sorted out, among which 13 were exhibiting nitrogenase activity, whereas 43 and 31 were exhibiting P and K solubilization traits, respectively. The selected three efficient and potential bacterial strains were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Enterobacter ludwigii EU-BEN-22 (N-fixer; 35.68 ± 00.9 nmol C2H4 per mg protein per h), Micrococcus indicus EU-BRP-6 (P-solubilizer; 201 ± 0.004 mg/L), and Pseudomonas gessardii EU-BRK-55 (K-solubilizer; 51.3 ± 1.7 mg/mL), and they were used to develop a bacterial consortium. The bacterial consortium evaluation on eggplant resulted in the improvement of growth (root/shoot length and biomass) and physiological parameters (chlorophyll, carotenoids, total soluble sugar, and phenolic content) of the plants with respect to single culture inoculation, chemical fertilizer, and untreated control. A bacterial consortium having potential to promote plant growth could be used as bioinoculant for horticulture crops growing in hilly regions.
- MeSH
- Bacteria * genetika klasifikace metabolismus izolace a purifikace růst a vývoj MeSH
- draslík metabolismus MeSH
- dusík metabolismus MeSH
- fixace dusíku * MeSH
- fosfor * metabolismus MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie MeSH
- mikrobiální společenstva * MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
- rhizosféra MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S * genetika MeSH
- Solanum melongena * mikrobiologie MeSH
- vývoj rostlin MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
We explored the potential of a fungal strain Aspergillus costaricensis KS1 for modulating growth and nutrient mobilization in rice. At laboratory conditions, there was a decline in pH of the medium on inoculation with the strain and the production of citric acid was observed under broth conditions. Similarly, there was higher solubilization of tricalcium phosphate and siderophore production in liquid medium on inoculation with the strain. The effect of inoculation of KS1 was studied in rice and higher growth and yield were observed on inoculation compared to control. The content of phosphorus and iron in stem and roots of KS1 inoculated plants was higher in comparison with uninoculated control. There was also increased availability of phosphorus and iron content in soil grown with KS1 inoculated plants. In addition, inoculation with strain resulted in a higher content of volatile organic compounds such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and ethyl isoallocholate in stem of rice. A. costaricensis KS1 can be used for improving phosphorus and iron nutrition and impart tolerance against stresses in rice.
- MeSH
- Aspergillus * metabolismus růst a vývoj MeSH
- fosfor * metabolismus analýza MeSH
- fosforečnany vápenaté metabolismus MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina citronová metabolismus MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
- rýže (rod) * mikrobiologie metabolismus růst a vývoj MeSH
- siderofory * metabolismus MeSH
- stonky rostlin mikrobiologie metabolismus chemie MeSH
- těkavé organické sloučeniny * metabolismus analýza MeSH
- železo * metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Vitamin D, vápník a fosfor hrají klíčovou roli ve vývoji a zdraví skeletu, stejně jako v dalších důležitých metabolických funkcích. Nedostatečný nebo nevyvážený příjem těchto živin může mít řadu negativních vlivů na zdraví. Nadměrný příjem vitaminu D může u psů a koček způsobit hyperkalcemii a s tím související komplikace; zdravotní dopady vysokého příjmu vápníku a fosforu jsou rovněž studovány. U pacientů s onemocněním ledvin a močových cest je třeba zvážit dietní zajištění vápníku, fosforu a vitaminu D a jejich interakce. Úloha vitaminu D u chronických onemocnění, jako jsou enteropatie a neoplazie, je důležitá a je jí věnována značná pozornost, ale výzkum je stále neprůkazný a v tuto chvíli nelze vydat žádnáklinická doporu čení. Psi a kočky mají ve srovnání s jinými druhy savců rozdíly v metabolismu vitaminu D, protože nejsou schopni provádět kožní syntézu vitaminu D vystavením slunci. Proto jsou závislé na příjmu této živiny v potravě. Klasickými funkcemi vitaminu D je stimulace střevní absorpce vápníku a fosforu, renální reabsorpce vápníku a fosforu a regulace kostního minerálního metabolismu. Je tedy důležitou živinou pro homeostázu vápníku a fosforu. Vitamin D a některé minerální látky přinášejí do moderních diet další stupeň imunomodulačního potenciálu. Jejich zařazení nad aktuálně doporučené množství může optimalizovat imunitní funkci a snížit riziko zánětu.
Vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus play a key role in skeletal development and health, as well as other important metabolic functions. Insufficient or unbalanced intake of these nutrients can have a number of negative health effects. Excessive intake of vitamin D can cause hypercalcaemia and related complications in dogs and cats, and the health effects of high calcium and phosphorus intake have also been studied. Dietary provision of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D and their interactions should be considered in patients with kidney and urinary tract disease. The role of vitamin D in chronic diseases such as enteropathies and neoplasias is important and has received considerable attention, but research is still inconclusive and no clinical recommendations can be made at this time. Dogs and cats have differences in vitamin D metabolism compared to other mammalian species because they are unable to perform cutaneous vitamin D synthesis by sun exposure. Therefore, they are dependent on dietary intake of this nutrient. The classic functions of vitamin D are the stimulation of intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption, renal reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus, and regulation of bone mineral metabolism. It is therefore an important nutrient for calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Vitamin D and minerals add another level of immunomodulatory potential to modern diets. Their inclusion above currently recommended amounts may optimize immune function and reduce the risk of inflammation.
- MeSH
- fosfor metabolismus terapeutické užití MeSH
- fyziologie výživy zvířat * MeSH
- kočky MeSH
- nedostatek vitaminu D MeSH
- psi MeSH
- vápník metabolismus terapeutické užití MeSH
- vitamin D metabolismus terapeutické užití MeSH
- výživové doporučené dávky MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- kočky MeSH
- psi MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
Nutrient deficiency induces a variety of cellular responses, including an increase in lipid accumulation in microalgae. Nitrogen starvation is the most studied deprivation. Here, we determine the effects of phosphorus and sulfur limitation on lipid accumulation in Chlorella vulgaris. A set of 9 experiments were performed, varying the initial concentration of these nutrients (set to 0, 50, and 100% of their original composition in Bold's basal medium). According to our results, the variation of P and S modified the specific growth rate, lag phase, and cell generation time. The ratio of 50%P and 0%S significantly increased the total lipid concentration. The fatty acid profile was dominated by C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1; a considerable increase in C20:5 was observed with 0%P and 50%S and 0%P and 100%S. Regarding neutral lipids, the response surface methodology (RSM) indicates that the maximum was observed when S was between 40 and 60% and P was between 95 and 100%. Therefore, the enhanced production of lipids caused by P and S limitation may contribute to the efficient oil production useful for algal biofuels.
31 P-magnetic resonance (MR) is an important diagnostic technique currently used for tissue metabolites assessing, but it also has great potential for visualizing the internal body structures. However, due to the low physiological level of phosphorus-containing biomolecules, precise imaging requires the administration of an exogenous probe. Herein, this work describes the synthesis and MR characterization of a pioneering metal-free 31 P-MR probe based on phosphorus-containing polymeric zwitterion. The developed probe (pTMPC) is a well-defined water-soluble macromolecule characterized by a high content of naturally rare phosphorothioate groups providing a high-intensity 31 P-MR signal clearly distinguishable from biological background both in vitro and in vitro. In addition, pTMPC can serve as a sensitive 31 P-MR sensor of pathological conditions in vivo because it undergoes oxidation-induced structural changes in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Add to this the favorable 1 H and 31 P T1 /T2 relaxation times and biocompatibility, pTMPC represents a conceptually new diagnostic, whose discovery opens up new possibilities in the field of 31 P-MR spectroscopy and imaging.
Most in vivo 31P MR studies are realized on 3T MR systems that provide sufficient signal intensity for prominent phosphorus metabolites. The identification of these metabolites in the in vivo spectra is performed by comparing their chemical shifts with the chemical shifts measured in vitro on high-field NMR spectrometers. To approach in vivo conditions at 3T, a set of phantoms with defined metabolite solutions were measured in a 3T whole-body MR system at 7.0 and 7.5 pH, at 37 °C. A free induction decay (FID) sequence with and without 1H decoupling was used. Chemical shifts were obtained of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), phosphatidylcholine (PtdC), phosphocholine (PC), phosphoethanolamine (PE), glycerophosphocholine (GPC), glycerophosphoetanolamine (GPE), uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPG), glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), glucose-1-phosphate (G1P), 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH and NAD+), phosphocreatine (PCr), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and inorganic phosphate (Pi). The measured chemical shifts were used to construct a basis set of 31P MR spectra for the evaluation of 31P in vivo spectra of muscle and the liver using LCModel software (linear combination model). Prior knowledge was successfully employed in the analysis of previously acquired in vivo data.
- MeSH
- adenosindifosfát metabolismus MeSH
- adenosintrifosfát metabolismus MeSH
- fosfatidylcholiny metabolismus MeSH
- fosfatidylethanolaminy metabolismus MeSH
- fosfáty metabolismus MeSH
- fosfor metabolismus MeSH
- játra metabolismus MeSH
- kosterní svaly metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nukleární magnetická rezonance biomolekulární * MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- software * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
Mineral nutrition of crop plants is one of the major challenges faced by modern agriculture, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. In alkaline calcareous soils, the availability of phosphorus and zinc is critically less due to their fixation and precipitation as complexes. Farmers use fertilizers to fulfill crop requirements, but their efficacy is less, which increases production costs. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can improve the availability of crop nutrients through solubilizing the insoluble compounds of phosphorus and zinc in soil. In the present study, a total of 40 rhizobacterial isolates were isolated from cotton rhizosphere and screened for improving cotton growth through the solubilization of phosphorus and zinc. Out of these 40 isolates, seven isolates (IA2, IA3, IA6, IA7, IA8, IA13, and IA14) efficiently solubilized insoluble rock phosphate while seven isolates (IA10, IA16, IA20, IA23, IA24, IA28, and IA30) were more efficient in solubilizing insoluble zinc oxide. In liquid media, strain IA7 (2.75 μg/mL) solubilized the highest amount of phosphate while the highest concentration of soluble zinc was observed in the broth inoculated with strain IA20 (3.94 μg/mL). Seven phosphate-solubilizing and seven zinc-solubilizing strains were evaluated using jar trial to improve the growth of cotton seedlings, and the results were quite promising. All the inoculated treatments showed improvement in growth parameters in comparison with control. Best results were shown by the combined application of IA6 and IA16, followed by the combination of strains IA7 and IA20. Based on the jar trial, the selected isolates were further characterized by plant growth-promoting characters such as siderophores production, HCN production, ammonia production, and exopolysaccharides production. These strains were identified through 16S rRNA sequencing as Bacillus subtilis IA6 (accession # MN005922), Paenibacillus polymyxa IA7 (accession # MN005923), Bacillus sp. IA16 (accession # MN005924), and Bacillus aryabhattai IA20 (accession # MN005925). It is hence concluded that the integrated use of phosphate-solubilizing and zinc-solubilizing strains as potential inoculants can be a promising approach for improving cotton growth under semi-arid conditions.
- MeSH
- Bacillus klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- fosfáty metabolismus MeSH
- fosfor metabolismus MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- Gossypium růst a vývoj mikrobiologie MeSH
- očkovadla agrotechnická klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- Paenibacillus polymyxa klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
- rhizosféra MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- zinek metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Due to insufficient amount of soluble phosphate and poor persistence of traditional chemical phosphate fertilizers in agricultural soils, the eco-friendly and sustainable phosphorus sources for crops are urgently required. The efficient phosphate-releasing fungal strain designated y2 was isolated and identified by the internal transcribed spacer of rDNA as Penicillium oxalicum y2. When lecithin, Ca3(PO4)2, or ground phosphate rock were separately used as sole phosphorus source, different phosphate-releasing modes were observed. The strain y2 was able to release as high as 2090 mg/L soluble phosphate within 12 days of incubation with Ca3(PO4)2 as sole phosphorus source. In the culture solution, high concentration of oxalic, citric, and malic acids and high phosphatase activity were detected. The organic acids contributed to solubilizing inorganic phosphate sources, while phosphatase was in charge of the mineralization of organic phosphorus lecithin. Afterwards, the fungus culture was applied to the soil with rape growing. During 50 days of incubation, the soil's available phosphate concentration increased by three times compared with the control, the dry weight of rape increased by 78.73%, and the root length increased by 38.79%. The results illustrated that P. oxalicum y2 possessed both abilities of solubilizing inorganic phosphorus and mineralizing organic phosphorus, which have great potential application in providing biofertilizer for modern agriculture.
- MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- Brassica napus růst a vývoj MeSH
- dusík metabolismus MeSH
- fosfatasy metabolismus MeSH
- fosfáty metabolismus farmakokinetika MeSH
- fosfor metabolismus MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- kyseliny karboxylové metabolismus MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika MeSH
- Penicillium klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
- uhlík metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
