Major depressive disorder (MDD) is underlined by neurochemical changes in the brain. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) is a useful tool for their examination as it provides information about the levels of metabolites. This review summarises the current knowledge of 1H MRS findings from rodent models of MDD, assesses the results from both a biological and a technical perspective, and identifies the main sources of bias. From a technical point of view, bias-introducing factors are the diversity of the measured volumes and their positioning in the brain, the data processing, and the metabolite concentration expression. The biological variables are strain, sex, and species, as well as the model itself, and in vivo vs. ex vivo exploration. This review identified some consistency in the 1H MRS findings in the models of MDD: lower levels of glutamine, glutamate + glutamine, and higher levels of myo-inositol and taurine in most of the brain regions of MDD models. This may suggest changes in regional metabolism, neuronal dysregulation, inflammation, and a compensatory effect reaction in the MDD rodent models.

• MeSH
• deprese MeSH
• depresivní porucha unipolární * metabolismus   MeSH
• glutamin * metabolismus   MeSH
• hlodavci metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina aspartová metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina glutamová metabolismus   MeSH
• mozek metabolismus   MeSH
• protonová magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Enamel hypoplasia and disruption of dentinogenesis are the most common abnormalities of development and mineralization of human teeth. Several reports are available in the literature on the influence of dietary calcium on the formation of human and rodent tooth; however, the information about the influence of dietary phosphorus on the tooth formation is scarce. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the chronic effect of high phosphorus diet and improper dietary calcium to phosphorus ratio on the mandibular incisor microstructure in a hystricomorph rodent--Octodon degu--using macroscopic observation, histopathological examination, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The present study shows that enamel and dentin development is disturbed under high phosphorus diet and improper calcium to phosphorus ratio. Disturbed mineral metabolism resulted in enamel depigmentation, enamel hypoplasia, enamel pitting and altered dentin morphology. The results suggest that more attention should be focused on dietary phosphorus content when facing altered tooth structure in young patients with deciduous or permanent dentition. Furthermore, we showed that degus can be used as an experimental animal model for the study of the developmental teeth disturbances.

• MeSH
• dentin patologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• fosfor dietní metabolismus   MeSH
• hlodavci anatomie a histologie   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• hypoplazie zubní skloviny patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• náhodné rozdělení MeSH
• odontogeneze fyziologie   MeSH
• řezáky účinky léků   růst a vývoj   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• vápník dietní metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• zubní sklovina patologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

PPAR-? agonists improve insulin sensitivity in rodent models of obesity/insulin resistance, but their effects on insulin sensitivity in humans are less clear. We measured insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinemic-isoglycemic clamp in 10 obese females with type 2 diabetes before and after three months of treatment with PPAR-? agonist fenofibrate and studied the possible role of the changes in endocrine function of adipose tissue in the metabolic effects of fenofibrate. At baseline, body mass index, serum glucose, triglycerides, glycated hemoglobin and atherogenic index were significantly elevated in obese women with type 2 diabetes, while serum HDL cholesterol and adiponectin concentrations were significantly lower than in the control group (n=10). No differences were found in serum resistin levels between obese and control group. Fenofibrate treatment decreased serum triglyceride concentrations, while both blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin increased after three months of fenofibrate administration. Serum adiponectin or resistin concentrations were not significantly affected by fenofibrate treatment. All parameters of insulin sensitivity as measured by hyperinsulinemic-isoglycemic clamp were significantly lower in an obese diabetic group compared to the control group before treatment and were not affected by fenofibrate administration. We conclude that administration of PPAR-? agonist fenofibrate for three months did not significantly affect insulin sensitivity or resistin and adiponectin concentrations in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The lack of insulin-sensitizing effects of fenofibrate in humans relative to rodents could be due to a generally lower PPAR-? expression in human liver and muscle.

• MeSH
• adiponektin metabolismus   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu farmakoterapie   MeSH
• financování organizované využití   MeSH
• hlodavci metabolismus   MeSH
• hyperinzulinismus etiologie   komplikace   MeSH
• hyperlipidemie farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina klofibrová analogy a deriváty   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• obezita komplikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• PPAR alfa agonisté   metabolismus   účinky léků   MeSH
• ženy MeSH

• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• hlodavci metabolismus   MeSH
• inzulinová rezistence fyziologie   MeSH
• játra enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obezita enzymologie   metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• PPAR alfa agonisté   fyziologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• svaly enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• tuková tkáň enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• srovnávací studie MeSH

• MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• hlodavci metabolismus   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• obezita patofyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH

• MeSH
• hlodavci metabolismus   MeSH
• nepřímá kalorimetrie metody   využití   MeSH
• redukční dieta metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH