Cognitive control is relevant when distracting information induces behavioral conflicts. Such conflicts can be produced consciously and by subliminally processed information. Interestingly, both sources of conflict interact suggesting that they share neural mechanisms. Here, we ask whether conjoint effects between different sources of conflict are modulated by microstructural basal ganglia dysfunction. To this end, we carried out an electroencephalography study and examined event-related potentials (ERPs) including source localization using a combined flanker-subliminal priming task in patients with X-linked dystonia Parkinsonism (XDP) and a group of healthy controls. XDP in its early stages is known to predominantly affect the basal ganglia striosomes. The results suggest that conjoint effects between subliminal and conscious sources of conflicts are modulated by the striosomes and were stronger in XDP patients. The neurophysiological data indicate that this effect is related to modulations in conflict monitoring and response selection (N2 ERP) mechanisms engaging the anterior cingulate cortex. Bottom-up perceptual gating, attentional selection, and motor response activation processes in response to the stimuli (P1, N1, and lateralized readiness potential ERPs) were unaffected. Taken together, these data indicate that striosomes modulate the processing of conscious and subliminal sources of conflict suggesting that microstructural basal ganglia properties are relevant for cognitive control.
- MeSH
- analýza rozptylu MeSH
- antiparkinsonika terapeutické užití MeSH
- bazální ganglia patofyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- dystonické poruchy farmakoterapie patologie patofyziologie psychologie MeSH
- elektroencefalografie MeSH
- evokované potenciály fyziologie MeSH
- funkční lateralita MeSH
- genetické nemoci vázané na chromozom X farmakoterapie patologie patofyziologie psychologie MeSH
- konflikt (psychologie) * MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mapování mozku MeSH
- mozkové vlny fyziologie MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon fyziologie MeSH
- reakční čas fyziologie MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The aim was to describe the contribution of basal ganglia (BG) thalamo-cortical circuitry to the whole-brain functional connectivity in focal epilepsies. METHODS: Interictal resting-state fMRI recordings were acquired in 46 persons with focal epilepsies. Of these 46, 22 had temporal lobe epilepsy: 9 left temporal (LTLE), 13 right temporal (RTLE); 15 had frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE); and 9 had parietal/occipital lobe epilepsy (POLE). There were 20 healthy controls. The complete weighted network was analyzed based on correlation matrices of 90 and 194 regions. The network topology was quantified on a global and regional level by measures based on graph theory, and connection-level changes were analyzed by the partial least square method. RESULTS: In all patient groups except RTLE, the shift of the functional network topology away from random was observed (normalized clustering coefficient and characteristic path length were higher in patient groups than in controls). Links contributing to this change were found in the cortico-subcortical connections. Weak connections (low correlations) consistently contributed to this modification of the network. The importance of regions changed: decreases in the subcortical areas and both decreases and increases in the cortical areas were observed in node strength, clustering coefficient and eigenvector centrality in patient groups when compared to controls. Node strength decreases of the basal ganglia, i.e. the putamen, caudate, and pallidum, were displayed in LTLE, FLE, and POLE. The connectivity within the basal ganglia-thalamus circuitry was not disturbed; the disturbance concerned the connectivity between the circuitry and the cortex. SIGNIFICANCE: Focal epilepsies affect large-scale brain networks beyond the epileptogenic zones. Cortico-subcortical functional connectivity disturbance was displayed in LTLE, FLE, and POLE. Significant changes in the resting-state functional connectivity between cortical and subcortical structures suggest an important role of the BG and thalamus in focal epilepsies.
- MeSH
- bazální ganglia diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- elektroencefalografie MeSH
- epilepsie parciální diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- kyslík krev MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mapování mozku * MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mozková kůra diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- nervová síť diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- nervové dráhy diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- bazální ganglia fyziologie patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- měření pohybů očí přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- mozeček patofyziologie MeSH
- nemoci mozku * komplikace MeSH
- okulomotorické svaly fyziologie patofyziologie MeSH
- pohyby očí * fyziologie MeSH
- sakadické oční pohyby MeSH
- zraková pole fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
BACKGROUND: Although dystonia is traditionally conceptualized as a basal ganglia disorder, increasing interest has been directed at a different neural network node, the cerebellum, which may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of dystonia. Abnormal sensorimotor processing and disturbed motor schemes, possibly attributable to cerebellar changes, remain unclear. METHODS: We sought to characterize the extent of cerebellar dysfunction within the motor network using functional MRI activation analysis, connectivity analysis, and voxel-based morphometry in cervical dystonia patients (n = 25, 15 women, mean age 45.8 years) and healthy volunteers (n = 25, 15 women, mean age 44.7 years) in a visuospatial task requiring predictive motor timing. RESULTS: Cervical dystonia patients showed decreased activation in the posterior cerebellar lobules as well as in the premotor areas, the associative parietal cortex, and visual regions. Patients also had decreased cerebellar connectivity with bilateral basal ganglia structures and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS: This promotes the view that dystonia results from miscommunication between the basal ganglia and cerebellar loops, thus providing new insights into the brain regions essential for the development of cervical dystonia. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
- MeSH
- bazální ganglia diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- funkční zobrazování neurálních procesů MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- motorické korové centrum diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- mozeček diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- mozek diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- nervové dráhy diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- plnění a analýza úkolů MeSH
- počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
- prostorové vidění * MeSH
- tortikolis diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
We previously demonstrated that predictive motor timing (i.e., timing requiring visuomotor coordination in anticipation of a future event, such as catching or batting a ball) is impaired in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) types 6 and 8 relative to healthy controls. Specifically, SCA patients had difficulties postponing their motor response while estimating the target kinematics. This behavioral difference relied on the activation of both cerebellum and striatum in healthy controls, but not in cerebellar patients, despite both groups activating certain parts of cerebellum during the task. However, the role of these two key structures in the dynamic adaptation of the motor timing to target kinematic properties remained unexplored. In the current paper, we analyzed these data with the aim of characterizing the trial-by-trial changes in brain activation. We found that in healthy controls alone, and in comparison with SCA patients, the activation in bilateral striatum was exclusively associated with past successes and that in the left putamen, with maintaining a successful performance across successive trials. In healthy controls, relative to SCA patients, a larger network was involved in maintaining a successful trial-by-trial strategy; this included cerebellum and fronto-parieto-temporo-occipital regions that are typically part of attentional network and action monitoring. Cerebellum was also part of a network of regions activated when healthy participants postponed their motor response from one trial to the next; SCA patients showed reduced activation relative to healthy controls in both cerebellum and striatum in the same contrast. These findings support the idea that cerebellum and striatum play complementary roles in the trial-by-trial adaptation in predictive motor timing. In addition to expanding our knowledge of brain structures involved in time processing, our results have implications for the understanding of BG disorders, such as Parkinson disease where feedback processing or reward learning is affected.
- MeSH
- adaptace psychologická fyziologie MeSH
- bazální ganglia diagnostické zobrazování fyziologie patofyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lineární modely MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mapování mozku MeSH
- mozeček diagnostické zobrazování fyziologie patofyziologie MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy MeSH
- pohybová aktivita fyziologie MeSH
- spinocerebelární ataxie diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie psychologie MeSH
- vnímání času fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
CONTEXT: Visual disturbances due to the toxic effect of formic acid in acute methanol poisonings are generally transient. The subjective symptoms of visual toxicity may resolve within few weeks and fundoscopic signs of acute optic neuropathy subside within 1-2 months; therefore, the prevalence of long-term visual sequelae in the population of survivors of poisonings may be underestimated. OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence and character of long-term visual sequelae of acute methanol poisonings based on the data from the Czech mass methanol outbreak in 2012. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 50 patients with confirmed methanol poisoning were included in this longitudinal cross-sectional study, median age: 48 (range, 23-73) years. The following tests were performed: optical coherence tomography or OCT with evaluation of the retinal nerve fibers layer (RNFL), visual evoked potentials (VEP), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain, complete ocular examination (visual acuity/field, color vision, contrast sensitivity, and fundus), neurological examinations, and biochemical tests. RESULTS: Of 50 patients, 7/50 (14%) were discharged with diagnosed visual sequelae and 6/50 (12%) were discharged with both visual and central nervous system sequelae of poisoning. On the follow-up examination, 20/50 (40%) of the patients had long-term visual sequelae, with 8% of blindness. A total of 38% of the patients had abnormal (28% borderline) findings on RNFL, and 40% had abnormal (18% borderline) VEP. Among the patients discharged without detected visual sequelae, 8/37 (22%) had abnormal RNFL and VEP. Patients with visual sequelae had brain lesions more often (70% vs. 27%, p < 0.01). MRI identified optic nerve lesions in 2/20 cases with abnormal VEP only. The groups with and without visual sequelae differed in serum methanol, ethanol, HCO3-, formate, pH, anion gap, and base deficit (all p < 0.01). Visual disturbances on admission and coma were more prevalent in the patients with visual sequelae (p < 0.05). Patients with positive serum ethanol on admission were 93% less likely to have optical axonal damage (OR: 0.07 (95% CI: 0.01-0.8); p < 0.05). No association was found between visual sequelae and type of antidote administered, mode of hemodialysis, or folate substitution. Pre-hospital administration of ethanol seemed beneficial: these patients were 90% less likely to have abnormal RNFL findings (OR: 0.10 (95% CI: 0.02-0.52); p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The long-term visual sequelae were clearly underestimated on discharge, suggesting a significantly higher amount of patients with long-term sequelae than earlier reported. Thorough examinations before discharge and during follow-up will likely uncover a higher morbidity also after methanol poisonings in general.
- MeSH
- akutní nemoc MeSH
- bazální ganglia účinky léků patofyziologie MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- diagnostické techniky oftalmologické MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- epidemický výskyt choroby * MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lineární modely MeSH
- logistické modely MeSH
- longitudinální studie MeSH
- methanol otrava MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- multivariační analýza MeSH
- nervus opticus účinky léků patofyziologie MeSH
- obnova funkce MeSH
- ochranné faktory MeSH
- odds ratio MeSH
- otrava diagnóza epidemiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- poruchy zraku chemicky indukované diagnóza epidemiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- retina účinky léků patofyziologie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- rozdělení chí kvadrát MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- zrak účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The proceedings of the workshop synthesize the experimental, preclinical, and clinical data suggesting that the cerebellum, basal ganglia (BG), and their connections play an important role in pathophysiology of various movement disorders (like Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes) or neurodevelopmental disorders (like autism). The contributions from individual distinguished speakers cover the neuroanatomical research of complex networks, neuroimaging data showing that the cerebellum and BG are connected to a wide range of other central nervous system structures involved in movement control. Especially, the cerebellum plays a more complex role in how the brain functions than previously thought.
- MeSH
- autistická porucha patofyziologie MeSH
- bazální ganglia anatomie a histologie patologie fyziologie patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozeček anatomie a histologie patologie fyziologie patofyziologie MeSH
- mozková kůra anatomie a histologie patologie fyziologie patofyziologie MeSH
- nervové dráhy anatomie a histologie patologie fyziologie patofyziologie MeSH
- pohybová aktivita fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kongresy MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Patients with ephedrone parkinsonism (EP) show a complex, rapidly progressive, irreversible, and levodopa non-responsive parkinsonian and dystonic syndrome due to manganese intoxication. Eye movements may help to differentiate parkinsonian syndromes providing insights into which brain networks are affected in the underlying disease, but they have never been systematically studied in EP. Horizontal and vertical eye movements were recorded in 28 EP and compared to 21 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, and 27 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects using standardized oculomotor tasks with infrared videooculography. EP patients showed slow and hypometric horizontal saccades, an increased occurrence of square wave jerks, long latencies of vertical antisaccades, a high error rate in the horizontal antisaccade task, and made more errors than controls when pro- and antisaccades were mixed. Based on oculomotor performance, a direct differentiation between EP and PD was possible only by the velocity of horizontal saccades. All remaining metrics were similar between both patient groups. EP patients present extensive oculomotor disturbances probably due to manganese-induced damage to the basal ganglia, reflecting their role in oculomotor system.
- MeSH
- bazální ganglia patofyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mangan toxicita MeSH
- mozek patofyziologie MeSH
- parkinsonské poruchy chemicky indukované patofyziologie MeSH
- pohyby očí fyziologie MeSH
- poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek patofyziologie MeSH
- propiofenony škodlivé účinky MeSH
- sakadické oční pohyby fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Cíl: Identifikace kognitivního deficitu u osob intoxikovaných metanolem. Úvod: Intoxikace metanolem může vést k různému poškození oblastí centrální nervové soustavy, zejména systému bazálních ganglií (BG), k subkortikálním lézím v bílé hmotě a k demyelinizaci až atrofii nervus opticus. Údaje o míře kognitivního deficitu a postižení konkrétních psychických funkcí na skupinové úrovni zatím nejsou známé. Cílem této práce bylo prokázat, zda poškození BG v důsledku intoxikace metanolem může mít vliv na kognitivní funkce. Metodika: Soubor 50 pacientů 3–8 měsíců po intoxikaci metanolem (METH) a 39 kontrolních osob (KS) byl vyšetřen neuropsychologickou baterií a magnetickou rezonancí (MR). Z tohoto souboru jsme pomocí kombinace tří laboratorních markerů abúzu alkoholu selektovali skupinu 28 intoxikovaných metanolem bez rizikového užívání alkoholu (METHna) a k nim přiřadili kontrolní skupinu 28 osob (KSp). Obě skupiny byly porovnatelné dle demografických proměnných, premorbidní inteligenční úrovně, celkového kognitivního deficitu a úrovně depresivních projevů. Výsledky: Skupiny METHna a KSp se lišily ve Škále frontálního chování (FAB; celkový skór METHna, Md = 16, KSp, Md = 17, p = 0,001) a v řadě subskórů FAB: Konceptualizace, Duševní flexibilita a Programování činnosti (všechna p < 0,050). Dále jsme zaznamenali na celém souboru METH trend k významnosti slabé asociace mezi postižením BG na MR a subskórem Duševní flexibilita ve FAB (rho = –282, p = 0,054). Závěr: Naše výsledky ukazují na skupinové úrovni, že krátkodobá intoxikace metanolem pravděpodobně vede ke kognitivnímu deficitu frontálního typu v důsledku narušení systému BG v mozku.
Objective: To identify possible cognitive deficit due to methanol intoxication. Introduction: Methanol poisoning leads to lesions in typical areas of the central nervous system, especially in basal ganglia (BG), to subcortical white matter lesions and to demyelination or even atrophy of the optic nerve. However, information regarding cognitive deficit on a population-based level in larger samples is lacking. Our goal was to identify whether BG dysfunction may lead to cognitive deficits. Methods: A sample of 50 patients 3 to 8 months after methanol intoxication (METH) and 39 controls (KS) were administered a neuropsychological battery and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A combination of three laboratory-based metabolic markers of alcohol abuse led to selection of 28 post-methanol intoxication subjects who were unlikely to abuse alcohol (METHna). These were matched to 28 controls (KSp) for age, education, premorbid intelligence level, global cognitive performance and level of depressive symptoms. Results: There were significant differences in the FAB total score (METHna, Md = 16, KSp, Md = 17, p = 0.001) and in three of the FAB subscores (Conceptualization, Mental flexibility, Motor programming; all p values < 0.050). Overall, there was a positive trend towards significance and a weak association between BG lesions on MRI and Mental flexibility from the FAB (rho = –282, p = 0.054). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that methanol poisoning is probably associated with cognitive deficits of the frontal type due to BG dysfunction. Key words: methanol intoxication – cognitive deficit – neuropsychological assessment The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers.
- Klíčová slova
- kognitivní deficit,
- MeSH
- bazální ganglia * patofyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- exekutivní funkce MeSH
- kognitivní poruchy * diagnóza MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- methanol * otrava škodlivé účinky MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- otrava alkoholem MeSH
- poruchy paměti diagnóza MeSH
- psychometrie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- verbální chování MeSH
- zraková percepce MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The oculomotor role of the basal ganglia has been supported by extensive evidence, although their role in scanning eye movements is poorly understood. Nineteen Parkinsońs disease patients, which underwent implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes, were investigated with simultaneous intraoperative microelectrode recordings and single channel electrooculography in a scanning eye movement task by viewing a series of colored pictures selected from the International Affective Picture System. Four patients additionally underwent a visually guided saccade task. Microelectrode recordings were analyzed selectively from the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra pars reticulata and from the globus pallidus by the WaveClus program which allowed for detection and sorting of individual neurons. The relationship between neuronal firing rate and eye movements was studied by crosscorrelation analysis. Out of 183 neurons that were detected, 130 were found in the subthalamic nucleus, 30 in the substantia nigra and 23 in the globus pallidus. Twenty percent of the neurons in each of these structures showed eye movement-related activity. Neurons related to scanning eye movements were mostly unrelated to the visually guided saccades. We conclude that a relatively large number of basal ganglia neurons are involved in eye motion control. Surprisingly, neurons related to scanning eye movements differed from neurons activated during saccades suggesting functional specialization and segregation of both systems for eye movement control.
- MeSH
- antiparkinsonika terapeutické užití MeSH
- bazální ganglia účinky léků patofyziologie MeSH
- čtení MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- globus pallidus účinky léků patofyziologie MeSH
- hluboká mozková stimulace MeSH
- implantované elektrody MeSH
- levodopa terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mapování mozku MeSH
- mikroelektrody MeSH
- neurony patologie MeSH
- nucleus subthalamicus účinky léků patofyziologie MeSH
- Parkinsonova nemoc farmakoterapie patofyziologie MeSH
- pohyby očí * MeSH
- rozpoznávání obrazu MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- substantia nigra účinky léků patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH