Penile squamous cell carcinoma (pSCC) is a rare tumour with a variable prognosis. More prognostic markers linked to mutational signatures and the tumour immune microenvironment are needed. A cohort made up of 165 invasive pSCC was retrospectively analysed using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumour tissue, focusing on tumour mutational burden (TMB), programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, microsatellite instability (MSI), the number of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) expressing cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), HPV status determined by p16 immunohistochemistry, and several traditional histopathological variables. High TMB (>10 mut/Mb) was associated with high PD-L1 expression (TPS 50-100%), and HPV-negative status. High PD-L1 expression was linked to HPV negativity, a high number of intratumoural CTLA4+ cells, and brisk lymphocytic infiltrate. High TMB was a significant predictor of shorter overall survival (OS) in both univariate and multivariate analysis when using a median cut-off value of 4.3 mut/Mb, but not when using an arbitrary cut-off of 10 mut/Mb. Low CTLA4+ cell infiltration at the tumour invasion front was a marker of shorter OS and cancer-specific survival in both univariate and multivariate analysis. PD-L1 expression had no significant impact on prognosis. Only two cases were MSI high. The results support the hypothesis of two aetiological pathways in pSCC cancerogenesis: (1) SCC linked to HPV infection characterised by low TMB, less common PD-L1 expression, and a lower number of TILs; and (2) SCC linked to chronic inflammation leading to a high number of acquired mutations (high TMB), HPV negativity, increased neoantigen production (i.e., PD-L1), and high immune cell infiltration.
- MeSH
- antigen CTLA-4 MeSH
- antigeny CD274 metabolismus MeSH
- infekce papilomavirem * komplikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádorové mikroprostředí MeSH
- nádory penisu * genetika MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- spinocelulární karcinom * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells (UCOGC) of the pancreas represents a rare subtype of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Despite a distinct morphology and specific clinical behavior, UCOGCs exhibit unexpected similarities in regard to DNA mutational profiles with conventional PDAC. Treating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is particularly challenging, with limited prospects for cure. As with many other malignant neoplasms, the exploration of microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) in regulating the biological characteristics of pancreatic cancer is undergoing extensive investigation to enhance tumor diagnostics and unveil the therapeutic possibilities. Herein, we evaluated the expression of miR-21, -96, -148a, -155, -196a, -210, and -217 in UCOGCs and poorly differentiated (grade 3, G3) PDACs. The expression of miR-21, miR-155, and miR-210 in both UCOGCs and G3 PDACs was significantly upregulated compared to the levels in normal tissue, while the levels of miR-148a and miR-217 were downregulated. We did not find any significant differences between cancerous and normal tissues for the expression of miR-96 and miR-196a in G3 PDACs, whereas miR-196a was slightly, but significantly, downregulated in UCOGCs. On the other hand, we have not observed significant differences in the expression of the majority of miRNAs between UCOGC and G3 PDAC, with the exception of miR-155. UCOGC samples demonstrated lower mean levels of miR-155 in comparison with those in G3 PDACs.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells (UCOGC) of the pancreas is a rare malignancy regarded as a subvariant of pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC) characterized by variable prognosis. UCOGC shows a strikingly similar spectrum of oncogenic DNA mutations to PDAC. In the current work, we analyzed the landscape of somatic mutations in a set of 13 UCOGC cases via next-generation sequencing (NGS). We detected a spectrum of pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations similar to those observed in PDAC following previously published results (10 KRAS, 9 TP53, 4 CDKN2A, and 1 SMAD4, CIC, GNAS, APC, ATM, NF1, FBXW7, ATR, and FGFR3). Our results support the theory that UCOGC is a variant of PDAC, despite its unique morphology; however, a UCOGC-specific genomic signature as well as predictive markers remain mainly unknown. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) status remains an important predictive marker based on previous studies.
Localized insulin-derived amyloidosis (LIDA) is a rare local complication of subcutaneous insulin application occurring in patients with diabetes type 1 and 2. A 45-year-old woman with an 11-year history of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type 1 underwent a mini-abdominoplasty and excision of a long-standing palpable mass in left hypogastric subcutaneous tissue in the area of long-term insulin application. Histopathological examination revealed insulin amyloidosis as a substrate of the mass lesion. Several months after surgery, there was a transient improvement in previously poor diabetes compensation. In addition to local allergic reactions, abscess formation, scarring, lipoatrophy/dystrophy, and lipohypertrophy, LIDA broadens the differential diagnostic spectrum of local insulin injection complications. LIDA has been described as a cause of poor glycemia compensation, probably due to the conversion of soluble insulin into insoluble amyloid fibrils, which prevents insulin from circulating in the blood and regulating glucose blood concentration. Improvement in diabetes compensation has been described in several reports, including our case. LIDA is a rare local complication of subcutaneous insulin application; accurate diagnosis and treatment have clinical consequences. Immunohistochemical or immunofluorescence distinction from other amyloid types is highly recommended.
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
Penile squamous cell carcinoma (pSCC) is a rare malignancy with a slowly increasing incidence and variable prognosis. Regional lymph node involvement signifies poor prognosis but represents a late sign, and more prognostic markers for effective patient risk stratification are urgently needed. In this retrospective study, 152 tumour samples with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue were analysed for traditional pathological variables, tumour budding, p53, p16, and mismatch repair proteins (MMR) immunohistochemistry. The density of tumour lymphocytic infiltrate was also determined, using subjective evaluation by two pathologists (brisk/non-brisk/absent) and also using the immunoscore method, which categorised the cohort into five immunoscore groups according to the number of CD3+ and CD8+ T-cells in both the tumour centre and tumour invasion front. Only one case (0.6%) was MMR-deficient. Tumour budding count ≥5 tumour buds/20× power field and non-brisk/absent lymphocytic infiltrate were significant negative predictors of both the overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS), whereas a low immunoscore was a significant marker of shorter OS but not CSS. Advanced pT stage (3+4) was a significant marker of shorter CSS but not OS. In the multivariate analysis, high-grade budding was a significant parameter if adjusted for the patient's age and associated variables, except for the pN stage. The lymphocytic infiltrate retained its prognostic significance if adjusted for age and associated variables. The negative prognostic significance of the previously described parameters (lymphatic, venous, and perineural invasion, regional lymph node metastasis, and p53 mutated profile) were confirmed in our study. Grade, histological subtype, and HPV status (as determined by p16 immunohistochemistry) showed, surprisingly, little or no prognostic significance.
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
Vřetenobuněčný / pleomorfní lipom je poměrně vzácný mezenchymální nádor vyskytující se nejčastěji v podkožní tukové tkáni šíje a zad u starších mužů řazený mezi adipocytické nádory. Mikroskopicky nacházíme dobře ohraničený tumor sestávající z vřetenitých buněk v myxoidním stromatu s v různém množství zastoupenou adultní tukovou tkání, charakteristická jsou vmezeřená kolagenní vlákna a žírné buňky ve stromatu. Imunohistochemicky je pravidlem pozitivita CD34. Nádor je řazen do rodiny lézí s delecí chromozomu 13 a/nebo 16 se ztrátou tumor supresorového genu RB1. Součástí této jednotky je i několik histologických variant včetně raritní “fat-poor” neboli “nízkotučné”, kde jsou tukové buňky v minimálním množství nebo úplně chybí. V této práci referujeme případ staršího muže s objemným tumorem šíje, který byl na základě histologického vyšetření, pozitivity CD34 a výpadku exprese Rb1 diagnostikován jako vřetenobuněčný lipom se znaky myxoidní a “fat-poor” varianty. Diagnózu podpořil následný molekulární průkaz delece RB1. Článek diskutuje poměrně širokou problematiku diferenciální diagnostiky vřetenobuněčných myxoidních CD34+ mezenchymálních tumorů.
Spindle cell / pleomorphic lipoma is a relatively rare mesenchymal adipocytic tumor occurring typically in subcutaneous fat tissue in the posterior neck region in middle aged and elderly male. Microscopically, the tumor is usually well-circumscribed consisting of spindle shaped cells with myxoid stroma and variable amount of adult fat tissue. Entrapped collagen fibers and mast cells are constant finding. The lesion is characterized by positive CD34 immunohistochemistry. The tumor belongs to a family with chromosomes 13 and/or 16 deletion and loss of tumor suppressor gene RB1. Several histological variants including “fat-poor” spindle cell lipoma with minimal or absent fat cells may rarely occur. In this article we report a case of elderly man with a voluminous posterior neck tumor diagnosed as a fat-poor spindle cell lipoma based on histological examination, CD34-positivity and loss of Rb1 expression shown by immunohistochemistry. The diagnosis was confirmed by a molecular proof of RB1 deletion. The paper discusses a wide differential diagnosis of spindle cell myxoid CD34+ mesenchymal tumors.
- Klíčová slova
- nízkotučná varianta,
- MeSH
- genetické techniky MeSH
- histologické techniky MeSH
- krk patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lipom * diagnóza genetika patologie MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Cholangiocelulární karcinom je relativně vzácný maligní nádor vycházející z biliárních epitelií, který může vznikat v intra- i extrahepatálních žlučovodech, ve žlučníku a ve Vaterské ampule. Tento přehledový článek se věnuje problematice cholangiocelulárního karcinomu z pohledu histopatologa. Kromě shrnutí základních morfologických, imunohistochemických a molekulárně genetických charakteristik jednotlivých typů cholangiokarcinomu a prekancerózních lézí se zaměřuje na problematiku peroperačních biopsií a na změny v aktuálním 8. vydání TNM klasifikace. Součástí sdělení je makroskopická i mikroskopická obrazová dokumentace z naší praxe a přehled recentní literatury.
Cholangiocarcinoma is a relatively rare malignant tumor arising from the biliary epithelium of the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, the gallbladder, and the ampulla of Vater. This review article presents cholangiocarcinoma from the routine histopathological point of view. In addition to an overview of basic morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic characteristics of cholangiocarcinoma subtypes and precancerous lesions, the article is focused on intraoperative biopsies and on changes in the 8th edition of the TNM classification. Macroscopic and microscopic photo documentation and a review of recent literature are included.
- MeSH
- cholangiokarcinom patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory žlučových cest * chirurgie patologie MeSH
- žlučové cesty extrahepatické patologie MeSH
- žlučové cesty intrahepatální patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
