Na základě patofyziologických poznatků o migréně byla vyvinuta zcela nová léčba tohoto onemocnění, a sice cílená terapie monoklo- nálními protilátkami blokujícími signalizaci neuropeptidu CGRP, který se zcela významným a klíčovým způsobem podílí na rozvoji migrenózních bolestí hlavy. Ukazuje se však, že neuropeptid CGRP má pleiotropní účinky a mimo jiné ovlivňuje funkce imunitního systému. Hypoteticky by takovýto zásah do homeostázy neuroimunitní osy u predisponovaných jedinců (např. s již existující imuno- deficiencí) mohl vést ke zvýšené náchylnosti k infekcím patogenními mikroorganismy. Vzhledem k tomu, že nejvíce informací máme v současné době o vztahu mezi neuropeptidem CGRP a protivirovou imunitní odpovědí, bude tato práce zaměřena na infekty těmito patogeny.
Based on pathophysiological knowledge about migraine, a completely new treatment for this disease has been developed. It is a targeted therapy with monoclonal pain antibodies blocking CGRP neuropeptide signaling, which is involved in the migraine headaches development in a very significant and key way. However, it turned out that the CGRP neuropeptide has pleiotropic effects and impacts immune system functions as well. Hypothetically, such an intervention in the neuroimmune axis homeostasis of the predisposed individuals (e.g. individuals with pre-existing immunodeficiency) could lead to increased susceptibility to infections by pathogenic microorganisms. Since the most information we currently have is on the relationship between the neuropeptide CGRP and the antiviral immune response, this work will be focused on infections with these types of pathogens.
- MeSH
- imunitní systém patofyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- migréna * farmakoterapie MeSH
- monoklonální protilátky škodlivé účinky MeSH
- nemoci imunitního systému * chemicky indukované MeSH
- peptid spojený s genem pro kalcitonin imunologie fyziologie metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Na základě patofyziologických poznatků o migréně byla vyvinuta zcela nová léčba tohoto onemocnění, a sice cílená terapie monoklonálními protilátkami blokujícími signalizaci neuropeptidu CGRP, který se zcela významným a klíčovým způsobem podílí na rozvoji migrenózních bolestí hlavy. Ukazuje se však, že neuropeptid CGRP má pleiotropní účinky a mimo jiné ovlivňuje funkce imunitního systému. Hypoteticky by takovýto zásah do homeostázy neuroimunitní osy u predisponovaných jedinců (např. s již existující imunodeficiencí) mohl vést ke zvýšené náchylnosti k infekcím patogenními mikroorganismy. Vzhledem k tomu, že nejvíce informací máme v současné době o vztahu mezi neuropeptidem CGRP a protivirovou imunitní odpovědí, bude tato práce zaměřena na infekty těmito patogeny.
Based on pathophysiological knowledge about migraine, a completely new treatment for this disease has been developed. It is a targeted therapy with monoclonal pain antibodies blocking CGRP neuropeptide signaling, which is involved in the migraine headaches development in a very significant and key way. However, it turned out that the CGRP neuropeptide has pleiotropic effects and impacts immune system functions as well. Hypothetically, such an intervention in the neuroimmune axis homeostasis of the predisposed individuals (e.g. individuals with pre-existing immunodeficiency) could lead to increased susceptibility to infections by pathogenic microorganisms. Since the most information we currently have is on the relationship between the neuropeptide CGRP and the antiviral immune response, this work will be focused on infections with these types of pathogens.
- MeSH
- imunitní systém patofyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- migréna * farmakoterapie MeSH
- monoklonální protilátky škodlivé účinky MeSH
- nemoci imunitního systému chemicky indukované MeSH
- peptid spojený s genem pro kalcitonin fyziologie imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Alzheimerova choroba (AD) je nejčastější příčinou demence a významně se podílí na celkové morbiditě a mortalitě v populaci, zejména u seniorů. AD rozdělujeme na geneticky podmíněnou a sporadickou, které se liší etiopatogenezí, četností výskytu i průběhem. Sporadická forma AD představuje 99 % případů onemocnění. Její etiologie je komplexní a do velké míry zůstává neobjasněna; pravděpodobně se jedná o souhru mnoha endogenních a exogenních faktorů. V práci je podán základní přehled hypotéz vysvětlujících vznik a progresi AD s důrazem na nejrozšířenější amyloidovou hypotézu, která za klíčový faktor považuje nepřiměřenou tvorbu nebo nedostatečné odstraňování toxických forem amyloidových peptidů z amyloidového prekurzorového proteinu. Další teorie vzniku AD se přiklánějí k primární- mu působení jiných činitelů, např. tau proteinu, nepřiměřeného působení některých mediátorů, metabolických, neurovaskulárních, zánětlivých, infekčních a jiných faktorů. Práce také shrnuje některé kontroverzní závěry o patofyziologii choroby, které patrně pramení z obecné aplikace poznatků získaných výzkumem rozdílných forem choroby a přímé translace výsledků výzkumu na experimentálních modelech AD na lidské onemocnění. Navzdory obrovskému pokroku ve výzkumu AD nebyla dosud nalezena kauzální léčba.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and contributes significantly to overall morbidity and mortality in the population. Despite the global and social importance of AD and dementia, despite extensive research, the etiopathogenetic mechanisms associated with AD have not yet been fully elucidated. The disease can be divided into early onset or familial AD and sporadic or late onset AD, which differ in etiopathogenesis, prevalence, course, and genetic predisposition. The sporadic form of AD represents 99% of cases of the disease. Its etiology is complex and largely unclear; it probably results from an interplay of many endogenous and exogenous factors. The present article provides a basic overview of hypotheses explaining the origin and progress of AD with emphasis on the most common amyloid hypothesis regarding excessive synthesis or insufficient clearance of toxic forms of amyloid peptides as the key factor of AD pathophysiology. Other theories tend to explain AD development by the primary impact of other factors, such as tau protein, the inappropriate effects of some neurotransmitters, metabolic, neurovascular, inflammatory, infectious, and other factors. The article also summarizes some controversial conclusions on the pathophysiology of the disease, which probably stem from the general application of knowledge gained in the research on different forms of the disease and direct translation of research results on experimental models of AD to human disease. Despite enormous advances in AD research, causal treatment of this devastating disease has not yet been found.
- Klíčová slova
- hypotézy vzniku nemoci, amyloidová hypotéza, mitochondriální hypotéza,
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc * dějiny etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Mitochondria are considered central regulator of the aging process; however, majority of studies dealing with the impact of age on mitochondrial oxygen consumption focused on skeletal muscle concluding (although not uniformly) a general declining trend with advancing age. In addition, gender related differences in mitochondrial respiration have not been satisfactorily described yet. The aim of the present study was to evaluate mitochondrial oxygen consumption in various organs of aging male and female Fischer 344 rats at the ages of 6, 12 and 24 months. Mitochondrial respiration of homogenized (skeletal muscle, left and right heart ventricle, hippocampus, cerebellum, kidney cortex), gently mechanically permeabilized (liver) tissue or intact cells (platelets) was determined using high-resolution respirometry (oxygraphs O2k, Oroboros, Austria). The pattern of age-related changes differed in each tissue: in the skeletal muscle and kidney cortex of both sexes and in female heart, parameters of mitochondrial respiration significantly declined with age. Resting respiration of intact platelets displayed an increasing trend and it did not correlate with skeletal muscle respiratory states. In the heart of male rats and brain tissues of both sexes, respiratory states remained relatively stable over analyzed age categories with few exceptions of lower mitochondrial oxygen consumption at the age of 24 months. In the liver, OXPHOS capacity was higher in females than in males with either no difference between the ages of 6 and 24 months or even significant increase at the age of 24 months in the male rats. In conclusion, the results of our study indicate that the concept of general pattern of age-dependent decline in mitochondrial oxygen consumption across different organs and tissues could be misleading. Also, the statement of higher mitochondrial respiration in females seems to be conflicting, since the gender-related differences may vary with the tissue studied, combination of substrates used and might be better detectable at younger ages than in old animals.
- MeSH
- anestezie MeSH
- buněčné dýchání MeSH
- dýchání MeSH
- kosterní svaly metabolismus MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mitochondrie * MeSH
- spotřeba kyslíku fyziologie MeSH
- stárnutí MeSH
- svalové mitochondrie * metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Five-sixths nephrectomy is a widely used experimental model of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that is associated with severe mitochondrial dysfunction of the remnant tissue. In this study, we assessed the effect of CKD on mitochondrial respiration separately in the rat kidney cortex and medulla 10 weeks after induction of CKD by subtotal 5/6 nephrectomy (SNX). Mitochondrial oxygen consumption was evaluated on mechanically permeabilized samples of kidney cortex and medulla using high-resolution respirometry and expressed per mg of tissue wet weight or IU citrate synthase (CS) activity. Mitochondrial respiration in the renal cortex of SNX rats was significantly reduced in all measured respiratory states if expressed per unit wet weight and remained lower if recalculated per IU citrate synthase activity, i.e. per mitochondrial mass. In contrast, the profound decrease in the activity of CS in SNX medulla resulted in significantly elevated respiratory states expressing the OXPHOS capacity when Complexes I and II or II only are provided with electrons, LEAK respiration after oligomycin injection, and Complex IV-linked oxygen consumption per unit CS activity suggesting compensatory hypermetabolic state in remaining functional mitochondria that is not sufficient to fully compensate for respiratory deficit expressed per tissue mass. The results document that CKD induced by 5/6 nephrectomy in the rat is likely to cause not only mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction (in the kidney cortex), but also adaptive changes in the medulla that tend to at least partially compensate for mitochondria loss.
- MeSH
- chronická renální insuficience * MeSH
- citrátsynthasa MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- kůra ledviny MeSH
- ledviny * metabolismus MeSH
- mitochondrie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The contribution of environmental pollutants to the obesity pandemic is still not yet fully recognized. Elucidating possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of their effects is of high importance. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of chronic, 21-day-long, 2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichlorethylenedichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) exposure of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells committed to adipogenesis on mitochondrial oxygen consumption on days 4, 10, and 21. In addition, the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), the quality of the mitochondrial network, and lipid accumulation in maturing cells were evaluated. Compared to control differentiating adipocytes, exposure to p,p'-DDE at 1 μM concentration significantly increased basal (routine) mitochondrial respiration, ATP-linked oxygen consumption and MMP of intact cells on day 21 of adipogenesis. In contrast, higher pollutant concentration seemed to slow down the gradual increase in ATP-linked oxygen consumption typical for normal adipogenesis. Organochlorine p,p'-DDE did not alter citrate synthase activity. In conclusion, in vitro 1 μM p,p'-DDE corresponding to human exposure is able to increase the mitochondrial respiration per individual mitochondrion at the end of adipocyte maturation. Our data reveal that long-lasting exposure to p,p'-DDE could interfere with the metabolic programming of mature adipocytes.
- MeSH
- adipogeneze účinky léků MeSH
- buněčná diferenciace účinky léků MeSH
- dichlordifenyldichlorethylen toxicita MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí toxicita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- membránový potenciál mitochondrií MeSH
- mezenchymální kmenové buňky cytologie účinky léků MeSH
- mitochondrie účinky léků MeSH
- obezita metabolismus MeSH
- tukové buňky cytologie účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal tumours, with a great variability in their clinical behaviour. While our knowledge of sarcoma initiation has advanced rapidly in recent years, relatively little is known about mechanisms of sarcoma progression. JUN-murine fibrosarcoma progression series consists of four sarcoma cell lines, JUN-1, JUN-2, JUN-2fos-3, and JUN-3. JUN-1 and -2 were established from a single tumour initiated in a H2K/v-jun transgenic mouse, JUN-3 originates from a different tumour in the same animal, and JUN-2fos-3 results from a targeted in vitro transformation of the JUN-2 cell line. The JUN-1, -2, and -3 cell lines represent a linear progression from the least transformed JUN-2 to the most transformed JUN-3, with regard to all the transformation characteristics studied, while the JUN-2fos-3 cell line exhibits a unique transformation mode, with little deregulation of cell growth and proliferation, but pronounced motility and invasiveness. The invasive sarcoma sublines JUN-2fos-3 and JUN-3 show complex metabolic profiles, with activation of both mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis and a significant increase in spared respiratory capacity. The specific transcriptomic profile of invasive sublines features very complex biological relationships across the identified genes and proteins, with accentuated autocrine control of motility and angiogenesis. Pharmacologic inhibition of one of the autocrine motility factors identified, Ccl8, significantly diminished both motility and invasiveness of the highly transformed fibrosarcoma cell. This progression series could be greatly valuable for deciphering crucial aspects of sarcoma progression and defining new prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Porcine model of peritonitis-induced sepsis is a well-established clinically relevant model of human disease. Interindividual variability of the response often complicates the interpretation of findings. To better understand the biological basis of the disease variability, the progression of the disease was compared between animals with sepsis and septic shock. Peritonitis was induced by inoculation of autologous feces in fifteen anesthetized, mechanically ventilated and surgically instrumented pigs and continued for 24 h. Cardiovascular and biochemical parameters were collected at baseline (just before peritonitis induction), 12 h, 18 h and 24 h (end of the experiment) after induction of peritonitis. Analysis of multiple parameters revealed the earliest significant differences between sepsis and septic shock groups in the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, systemic vascular resistance, partial pressure of oxygen in mixed venous blood and body temperature. Other significant functional differences developed later in the course of the disease. The data indicate that SOFA score, hemodynamical parameters and body temperature discriminate early between sepsis and septic shock in a clinically relevant porcine model. Early pronounced alterations of these parameters may herald a progression of the disease toward irreversible septic shock.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Spinocerebellar ataxia 1 (SCA1) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease associated with cerebellar degeneration and motor deficits. However, many patients also exhibit neuropsychiatric impairments such as depression and apathy; nevertheless, the existence of a causal link between the psychiatric symptoms and SCA1 neuropathology remains controversial. This study aimed to explore behavioral deficits in a knock-in mouse SCA1 (SCA1154Q/2Q) model and to identify the underlying neuropathology. We found that the SCA1 mice exhibit previously undescribed behavioral impairments such as increased anxiety- and depressive-like behavior and reduced prepulse inhibition and cognitive flexibility. Surprisingly, non-motor deficits characterize the early SCA1 stage in mice better than does ataxia. Moreover, the SCA1 mice exhibit significant hippocampal atrophy with decreased plasticity-related markers and markedly impaired neurogenesis. Interestingly, the hippocampal atrophy commences earlier than the cerebellar degeneration and directly reflects the individual severity of some of the behavioral deficits. Finally, mitochondrial respirometry suggests profound mitochondrial dysfunction in the hippocampus, but not in the cerebellum of the young SCA1 mice. These findings imply the essential role of hippocampal impairments, associated with profound mitochondrial dysfunction, in SCA1 behavioral deficits. Moreover, they underline the view of SCA1 as a complex neurodegenerative disease and suggest new avenues in the search for novel SCA1 therapies.
- MeSH
- atrofie metabolismus patologie MeSH
- biologické markery metabolismus MeSH
- duševní poruchy metabolismus patologie MeSH
- hipokampus metabolismus patologie MeSH
- mitochondrie metabolismus patologie MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- mozeček metabolismus patologie MeSH
- myši MeSH
- spinocerebelární ataxie metabolismus patologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) has been proposed as a risk factor for increased cardiovascular mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Information on the activity of cardiac sympathetic innervation is non-homogeneous and incomplete. The aim of our study was to evaluate the tonic effect of SNS on heart rate, norepinephrine turnover and direct and indirect effects of norepinephrine in left ventricles of subtotally nephrectomized rats (SNX) in comparison with sham-operated animals (SHAM). Renal failure was verified by measuring serum creatinine and urea levels. SNX rats developed increased heart rates and blood pressure (BP). The increase in heart rate was not caused by sympathetic overactivity as the negative chronotropic effect of metipranolol did not differ between the SNX and SHAM animals. The positive inotropic effects of norepinephrine and tyramine on papillary muscle were not significantly different. Norepinephrine turnover was measured after the administration of tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, pargyline, tyramine, desipramine, and KCl induced depolarization. The absolute amount of released norepinephrine was comparable in both groups despite a significantly decreased norepinephrine concentration in the cardiac tissue of the SNX rats. We conclude that CKD associated with renal denervation in rats led to adaptive changes characterized by an increased reuptake and intracellular norepinephrine turnover which maintained normal reactivity of the heart to sympathetic stimulation.
- MeSH
- chronická renální insuficience komplikace metabolismus patofyziologie MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci etiologie MeSH
- ledviny metabolismus MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- nefrektomie MeSH
- neuropeptid Y metabolismus MeSH
- noradrenalin krev MeSH
- peptid spojený s genem pro kalcitonin metabolismus MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- srdeční frekvence MeSH
- srdeční komory metabolismus patofyziologie MeSH
- sympatický nervový systém patofyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
