BACKGROUND: Indoor dust particles are an everyday source of human exposure to microorganisms and their inhalation may directly affect the microbiota of the respiratory tract. We aimed to characterize the changes in human nasopharyngeal bacteriome after short-term exposure to indoor (workplace) environments. METHODS: In this pilot study, nasopharyngeal swabs were taken from 22 participants in the morning and after 8 h of their presence at the workplace. At the same time points, indoor dust samples were collected from the participants' households (16 from flats and 6 from houses) and workplaces (8 from a maternity hospital - NEO, 6 from a pediatric hospital - ENT, and 8 from a research center - RCX). 16S rRNA sequencing analysis was performed on these human and environmental matrices. RESULTS: Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium were the most abundant genera in both indoor dust and nasopharyngeal samples. The analysis indicated lower bacterial diversity in indoor dust samples from flats compared to houses, NEO, ENT, and RCX (p < 0.05). Participants working in the NEO had the highest nasopharyngeal bacterial diversity of all groups (p < 0.05). After 8 h of exposure to the workplace environment, enrichment of the nasopharynx with several new bacterial genera present in the indoor dust was observed in 76% of study participants; however, no significant changes were observed at the level of the nasopharyngeal bacterial diversity (p > 0.05, Shannon index). These "enriching" bacterial genera overlapped between the hospital workplaces - NEO and ENT but differed from those in the research center - RCX. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that although the composition of nasopharyngeal bacteriome is relatively stable during the day. Short-term exposure to the indoor environment can result in the enrichment of the nasopharynx with bacterial DNA from indoor dust; the bacterial composition, however, varies by the indoor workplace environment.
- MeSH
- Bacteria genetika MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nazofarynx MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- prach * analýza MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika analýza MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí * analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Mikroorganismy přítomné v horním respiračním traktu hrají důležitou roli nejen jako původci akutních nebo chronických onemocnění, ale také jako přirozená bariéra před kolonizací dýchacích cest patogenem. Článek shrnuje poznatky o struktuře a významu mikrobiomu horních cest dýchacích a faktorech, které ho ovlivňují.
Microorganisms present in the upper respiratory tract play an important role not only as agents of acute or chronic diseases, but also as a natural barrier against pathogens. This article summarizes the knowledge about the structure and importance of the upper respiratory tract microbiome and the factors that affect it.
- Klíčová slova
- horní cesty dýchací, kolonizace,
- MeSH
- dýchací soustava * mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiota * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
We report a comprehensive toolkit that enables targeted, specific modification of monocot and dicot genomes using a variety of genome engineering approaches. Our reagents, based on transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system, are systematized for fast, modular cloning and accommodate diverse regulatory sequences to drive reagent expression. Vectors are optimized to create either single or multiple gene knockouts and large chromosomal deletions. Moreover, integration of geminivirus-based vectors enables precise gene editing through homologous recombination. Regulation of transcription is also possible. A Web-based tool streamlines vector selection and construction. One advantage of our platform is the use of the Csy-type (CRISPR system yersinia) ribonuclease 4 (Csy4) and tRNA processing enzymes to simultaneously express multiple guide RNAs (gRNAs). For example, we demonstrate targeted deletions in up to six genes by expressing 12 gRNAs from a single transcript. Csy4 and tRNA expression systems are almost twice as effective in inducing mutations as gRNAs expressed from individual RNA polymerase III promoters. Mutagenesis can be further enhanced 2.5-fold by incorporating the Trex2 exonuclease. Finally, we demonstrate that Cas9 nickases induce gene targeting at frequencies comparable to native Cas9 when they are delivered on geminivirus replicons. The reagents have been successfully validated in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), Medicago truncatula, wheat (Triticum aestivum), and barley (Hordeum vulgare).
- MeSH
- genetické inženýrství metody MeSH
- geneticky modifikované rostliny genetika MeSH
- ječmen (rod) genetika MeSH
- pšenice genetika MeSH
- RNA rostlin genetika MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika MeSH
- sekvence CRISPR genetika MeSH
- Solanum lycopersicum genetika MeSH
- TALENs genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- hygiena práce * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zdravotničtí pracovníci * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
BACKGROUND: The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E was shown to be involved in resistance against several potyviruses in plants, including pea. We combined our knowledge of pea germplasm diversity with that of the eIF4E gene to identify novel genetic diversity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Germplasm of 2803 pea accessions was screened for eIF4E intron 3 length polymorphism, resulting in the detection of four eIF4E(A-B-C-S) variants, whose distribution was geographically structured. The eIF4E(A) variant conferring resistance to the P1 PSbMV pathotype was found in 53 accessions (1.9%), of which 15 were landraces from India, Afghanistan, Nepal, and 7 were from Ethiopia. A newly discovered variant, eIF4E(B), was present in 328 accessions (11.7%) from Ethiopia (29%), Afghanistan (23%), India (20%), Israel (25%) and China (39%). The eIF4E(C) variant was detected in 91 accessions (3.2% of total) from India (20%), Afghanistan (33%), the Iberian Peninsula (22%) and the Balkans (9.3%). The eIF4E(S) variant for susceptibility predominated as the wild type. Sequencing of 73 samples, identified 34 alleles at the whole gene, 26 at cDNA and 19 protein variants, respectively. Fifteen alleles were virologically tested and 9 alleles (eIF4E(A-1-2-3-4-5-6-7), eIF4E(B-1), eIF4E(C-2)) conferred resistance to the P1 PSbMV pathotype. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This work identified novel eIF4E alleles within geographically structured pea germplasm and indicated their independent evolution from the susceptible eIF4E(S1) allele. Despite high variation present in wild Pisum accessions, none of them possessed resistance alleles, supporting a hypothesis of distinct mode of evolution of resistance in wild as opposed to crop species. The Highlands of Central Asia, the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, Eastern Africa and China were identified as important centers of pea diversity that correspond with the diversity of the pathogen. The series of alleles identified in this study provides the basis to study the co-evolution of potyviruses and the pea host.
- MeSH
- alely MeSH
- eukaryotický iniciační faktor 4E genetika fyziologie MeSH
- hrách setý genetika metabolismus virologie MeSH
- nemoci rostlin virologie MeSH
- Potyvirus patogenita MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika fyziologie MeSH
- zeměpis MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- dynamická sutura stěny břišní, těžká peritonitida,
- MeSH
- břišní stěna chirurgie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- peritonitida chirurgie klasifikace komplikace MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- terapie ran pomocí řízeného podtlaku metody využití MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- infekční komplikace,
- MeSH
- antibiotická profylaxe využití MeSH
- dodržování směrnic MeSH
- infekce chirurgické rány prevence a kontrola MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- sběr dat MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- MeSH
- chirurgie trávicího traktu metody statistika a číselné údaje využití MeSH
- endoskopie trávicího systému statistika a číselné údaje využití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- polypy střeva chirurgie komplikace MeSH
- pooperační komplikace etiologie MeSH
- prekancerózy chirurgie komplikace terapie MeSH
- střevní nádory etiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
