Grey mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is a widespread and harmful disease of tomato. Biocontrol agents derived from endophytic bacteria are known to hold great potential for inhibition of phytopathogen. We conducted this study to explore the tomato endophytic strains with inhibition activity against B. cinerea. Endophytic strain Bacillus velezensis FQ-G3 exhibited excellent inhibition activity against B. cinerea. Inhibitory effects against B. cinerea were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro assays displayed that FQ-G3 could significantly inhibit mycelia growth with inhibition rate of 85.93%, and delay conidia germination of B. cinerea. Tomato fruit inoculated with B. velezensis FQ-G3 revealed lower grey mold during treatment. The antifungal activity was attributed to activation of defense-related enzymes, as evidenced by the higher levels of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase in tomatoes after inoculation. In addition, scanning electron microscope was applied to elucidate the interaction between endophytes and pathogen, and bacterial colonization and antibiosis appeared to be the underlying mechanisms that FQ-G3 could suppress growth of B. cinerea. Collectively, our present results suggested that FQ-G3 may potentially be useful as a biocontrol agent in postharvest tomatoes.
Autophagy, an intracellular degradation process, has emerged as a crucial innate immune response against various plant pathogens, including viruses. Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) is a highly destructive plant pathogen that infects over 1000 plant species and poses a significant threat to global food security. However, the role of autophagy in defence against the TSWV pathogen, and whether the virus counteracts this defence, remains unknown. In this study, we report that autophagy plays an important role in antiviral defence against TSWV infection; however, this autophagy-mediated defence is counteracted by the viral effector NSs. Transcriptome profiling revealed the up-regulation of autophagy-related genes (ATGs) upon TSWV infection. Blocking autophagy induction by chemical treatment or knockout/down of ATG5/ATG7 significantly enhanced TSWV accumulation. Notably, the TSWV nucleocapsid (N) protein, a major component of the viral replication unit, strongly induced autophagy. However, the TSWV nonstructural protein NSs was able to effectively suppress N-induced autophagy in a dose-dependent manner. Further investigation revealed that NSs inhibited ATG6-mediated autophagy induction. These findings provide new insights into the defence role of autophagy against TSWV, a representative segmented negative-strand RNA virus, as well as the tospoviral pathogen counterdefence mechanism.
Fungicides are commonly used to manage plant pathogens. However, little is known about their effects on the non-target fungal communities that inhabit inside and outside the plant. These fungicides may have adverse effects on beneficial microbial communities with possible consequences for plant health and productivity. Hence, a metagenomic approach, based on the ITS2 region of fungal rDNA, was used to study the impact of foliar application of two fungicides (propineb and iprodione + carbendazim) on non-target tomato leaf fungal communities, in the context of early blight disease management. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the richness and diversity of tomato leaf fungal populations were adversely affected by the chemical treatments tested. Among the two fungicides, propineb (contact fungicide) imparted less non-targeted microorganisms than iprodione + carbendazim (systemic fungicide). In addition, all samples showed association of pathogenic genera Cladosporium, Corynespora, Pseudocercospora along with early blight pathogen Alternaria on tomato leaves that otherwise were undetected. Metagenomic studies also revealed a new mode of action for fungicides and bioagents besides their direct effect that is shifting the microbial community structure so that it provides greater resistance against the pathogen.
Improving yield, nutritional value and tolerance to abiotic stress are major targets of current breeding and biotechnological approaches that aim at increasing crop production and ensuring food security. Metabolic engineering of carotenoids, the precursor of vitamin-A and plant hormones that regulate plant growth and response to adverse growth conditions, has been mainly focusing on provitamin A biofortification or the production of high-value carotenoids. Here, we show that the introduction of a single gene of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in different tomato cultivars induced profound metabolic alterations in carotenoid, apocarotenoid and phytohormones pathways. Alterations in isoprenoid- (abscisic acid, gibberellins, cytokinins) and non-isoprenoid (auxin and jasmonic acid) derived hormones together with enhanced xanthophyll content influenced biomass partitioning and abiotic stress tolerance (high light, salt, and drought), and it caused an up to 77% fruit yield increase and enhanced fruit's provitamin A content. In addition, metabolic and hormonal changes led to accumulation of key primary metabolites (e.g. osmoprotectants and antiaging agents) contributing with enhanced abiotic stress tolerance and fruit shelf life. Our findings pave the way for developing a new generation of crops that combine high productivity and increased nutritional value with the capability to cope with climate change-related environmental challenges.
- MeSH
- Capsicum MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Solanum lycopersicum MeSH
- zdravá strava * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- populární práce MeSH
Východiska: Nádor prostaty je dle Světové zdravotnické organizace světově druhým nejčastějším zhoubným nádorem u mužů. Dle mezinárodních statistik je nejvyšší incidence nádoru prostaty ve vyspělých zemích, jako je Severní Amerika, Austrálie a Nový Zéland a severní a západní Evropa, a nejnižší v Asii. Velké regionální rozdíly v incidenci nádoru prostaty mezi západním světem a asijskými zeměmi mohou být způsobeny genetickými rozdíly, rozdíly v testování prostatického specifického antigenu, dostupnosti lékařské péče a environmentálními faktory. Změny v incidenci nádoru prostaty pozorované u migrantů, kteří se přestěhovali z oblastí s nižší incidencí do oblastí s vyšší incidencí, podporují názor o vlivu stravy na riziko vzniku nádoru prostaty. Některé studie ukazují, že muži stravující se vegetariánsky a vegansky mají také nižší incidenci nádoru prostaty než muži stravující se běžně. Právě vliv stravy a životního stylu se stává důležitým tématem v boji proti neinfekčním chorobám hromadného výskytu. Potravinami, které bývají spojovány s vyšším rizikem vzniku nádoru prostaty, jsou zpracované maso, tzv. červené maso (hovězí, telecí, vepřové a jehněčí), živočišný tuk a v některých studiích mléko a mléčné produkty. Cíl: Výzkum v této oblasti stále častěji potvrzuje vliv některých živin obsažených v rostlinné stravě při prevenci neinfekčních chorob hromadného výskytu, jako jsou kardiovaskulární onemocnění, diabetes a některé typy nádorových onemocnění. Jednou z výhod rostlinné stravy je, že obsahuje méně nasycených mastných kyselin než běžná strava a žádný cholesterol a je bohatá na živiny s protektivním účinkem, jako jsou např. antioxidanty, karotenoidy a vláknina.
Background: According to the World Health Organization, prostate cancer is the world's second most common cancer in men. International statistics show that prostate cancer incidence is highest in developed countries such as North America, Australia and New Zealand and Northern and Western Europe, and lowest in Asia. The large differences in the prostate cancer incidence between the Western world and Asian countries may be due to genetic differences, differences in prostate-specific antigen testing, availability of medical care and environmental factors. The changes in the incidence of prostate cancer observed in migrants who moved from the areas with lower incidence to the areas with higher incidence support the theory of diet's impact on the risk of prostate cancer. Some studies show that vegetarian and vegan men also have lower incidence of prostate cancer than omnivorous men. The influence of diet and lifestyle in prevention of non-communicable diseases is becoming an important topic. The foods that are associated with a higher risk of developing prostate cancer include processed meat, red meat, animal fat, and in some studies milk and dairy products. Purpose: Research in this area frequently confirms the influence of certain nutrients contained in a whole-food plant-based diet in preventing non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and some types of cancer. Whole-food plant-based diet contains less saturated fatty acids than omnivorous diet, and no cholesterol and is rich in nutrients with a protective effect, such as antioxidants, carotenoids, and fiber.
A multiplex real-time PCR method based on fluorescent TaqMan® probes was developed for the simultaneous detection of the tomato pathogenic bacteria Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and bacterial spot-causing xanthomonads. The specificity of the multiplex assay was validated on 44 bacterial strains, including 32 target pathogen strains as well as closely related species and nontarget tomato pathogenic bacteria. The designed multiplex real-time PCR showed high sensitivity when positive amplification was observed for one pg of bacterial DNA in the cases of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato bacteria and 100 pg for bacterial spot-causing xanthomonads. The reliability of the developed multiplex real-time PCR assay for in planta detection was verified by recognition of the target pathogens in 18 tomato plants artificially inoculated by each of the target bacteria and tomato samples from production greenhouses.
- MeSH
- Actinobacteria genetika izolace a purifikace fyziologie MeSH
- kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce * MeSH
- prostředí kontrolované MeSH
- Pseudomonas syringae genetika izolace a purifikace fyziologie MeSH
- Solanum lycopersicum růst a vývoj mikrobiologie MeSH
- Xanthomonas genetika izolace a purifikace fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
De-etiolation is the first developmental process under light control allowing the heterotrophic seedling to become autotrophic. The phytohormones cytokinins (CKs) largely contribute to this process. Reversible phosphorylation is a key event of cell signaling, allowing proteins to become active or generating a binding site for specific protein interaction. 14-3-3 proteins regulate a variety of plant responses. The expression, hormonal regulation, and proteomic network under the control of 14-3-3s were addressed in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) during blue light-induced photomorphogenesis. Two isoforms were specifically investigated due to their high expression during tomato de-etiolation. The multidisciplinary approach demonstrated that TFT9 expression, but not TFT6, was regulated by CKs and identified cis-regulating elements required for this response. Our study revealed >130 potential TFT6/9 interactors. Their functional annotation predicted that TFTs might regulate the activity of proteins involved notably in cell wall strengthening or primary metabolism. Several potential interactors were also predicted to be CK-responsive. For the first time, the 14-3-3 interactome linked to de-etiolation was investigated and evidenced that 14-3-3s might be involved in CK signaling pathway, cell expansion inhibition and steady-state growth rate establishment, and reprograming from heterotrophy to autotrophy. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important vegetables consumed all around the world and represents probably the most preferred garden crop. Regulation of hypocotyl growth by light plays an important role in the early development of a seedling, and consequently the homogeneity of the culture. The present study focuses on the importance of tomato 14-3-3/TFT proteins in this process. We provide here the first report of 14-3-3 interactome in the regulation of light-induced de-etiolation and subsequent photomorphogenesis. Our data provide new insights into light-induced de-etiolation and open new horizons for dissecting the post-transcriptional regulations.
- MeSH
- chromatografie afinitní MeSH
- mapy interakcí proteinů * MeSH
- proteiny 14-3-3 metabolismus MeSH
- proteomika * MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- semenáček růst a vývoj MeSH
- Solanum lycopersicum růst a vývoj MeSH
- světlo * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
MAIN CONCLUSION: The level of resistance induced in different tomato genotypes after β-CRY treatment correlated with the upregulation of defence genes, but not sterol binding and involved ethylene and jasmonic acid signalling. Elicitins, a family of small proteins secreted by Phytophthora and Pythium spp., are the most well-known microbe-associated molecular patterns of oomycetes, a lineage of fungus-like organisms that include many economically significant crop pathogens. The responses of tomato plants to elicitin INF1 produced by Phytophthora infestans have been studied extensively. Here, we present studies on the responses of three tomato genotypes to β-cryptogein (β-CRY), a potent elicitin secreted by Phytophthora cryptogea that induces hypersensitive response (HR) cell death in tobacco plants and confers greater resistance to oomycete infection than acidic elicitins like INF1. We also studied β-CRY mutants impaired in sterol binding (Val84Phe) and interaction with the binding site on tobacco plasma membrane (Leu41Phe), because sterol binding was suggested to be important in INF1-induced resistance. Treatment with β-CRY or the Val84Phe mutant induced resistance to powdery mildew caused by the pathogen Pseudoidium neolycopersici, but not the HR cell death observed in tobacco and potato plants. The level of resistance induced in different tomato genotypes correlated with the upregulation of defence genes including defensins, β-1,3-glucanases, heveins, chitinases, osmotins, and PR1 proteins. Treatment with the Leu41Phe mutant did not induce this upregulation, suggesting similar elicitin recognition in tomato and tobacco. However, here β-CRY activated ethylene and jasmonic acid signalling, but not salicylic acid signalling, demonstrating that elicitins activate different downstream signalling processes in different plant species. This could potentially be exploited to enhance the resistance of Phytophthora-susceptible crops.
- MeSH
- cyklopentany metabolismus MeSH
- ethyleny metabolismus MeSH
- fungální proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
- kyselina salicylová metabolismus MeSH
- listy rostlin metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- nemoci rostlin mikrobiologie MeSH
- oxylipiny metabolismus MeSH
- peroxid vodíku metabolismus MeSH
- Phytophthora MeSH
- Pythium MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce * MeSH
- Solanum lycopersicum metabolismus mikrobiologie fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) exerts crucial roles in the homeostasis of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in plant cells through indirect control of S-nitrosation, an important protein post-translational modification in signaling pathways of NO. Using cultivated and wild tomato species, we studied GSNOR function in interactions of key enzymes of reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism with RNS mediated by protein S-nitrosation during tomato root growth and responses to salinity and cadmium. Application of a GSNOR inhibitor N6022 increased both NO and S-nitrosothiol levels and stimulated root growth in both genotypes. Moreover, N6022 treatment, as well as S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) application, caused intensive S-nitrosation of important enzymes of ROS metabolism, NADPH oxidase (NADPHox) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Under abiotic stress, activities of APX and NADPHox were modulated by S-nitrosation. Increased production of H2O2 and subsequent oxidative stress were observed in wild Solanumhabrochaites, together with increased GSNOR activity and reduced S-nitrosothiols. An opposite effect occurred in cultivated S. lycopersicum, where reduced GSNOR activity and intensive S-nitrosation resulted in reduced ROS levels by abiotic stress. These data suggest stress-triggered disruption of ROS homeostasis, mediated by modulation of RNS and S-nitrosation of NADPHox and APX, underlies tomato root growth inhibition by salinity and cadmium stress.
- MeSH
- aldehydoxidoreduktasy metabolismus MeSH
- askorbátperoxidasa metabolismus MeSH
- benzamidy chemie metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- chlorid sodný farmakologie MeSH
- fyziologický stres MeSH
- kadmium toxicita MeSH
- kořeny rostlin účinky léků růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- NADPH-oxidasy metabolismus MeSH
- nitrosace MeSH
- oxid dusnatý metabolismus MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků MeSH
- peroxid vodíku metabolismus MeSH
- pyrroly chemie metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- reaktivní formy dusíku chemie metabolismus MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku chemie metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin účinky léků MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- S-nitrosoglutathion farmakologie MeSH
- S-nitrosothioly metabolismus MeSH
- Solanum lycopersicum účinky léků růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- Solanum růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
