AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Monogenic diabetes is estimated to account for 1-6% of paediatric diabetes cases in primarily non-consanguineous populations, while the incidence and genetic spectrum in consanguineous regions are insufficiently defined. In this single-centre study we aimed to evaluate diabetes subtypes, obtain the consanguinity rate and study the genetic background of individuals with syndromic and neonatal diabetes in a population with a high rate of consanguinity. METHODS: Data collection was carried out cross-sectionally in November 2021 at the paediatric diabetic clinic, Dr Jamal Ahmad Rashed Hospital, in Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq. At the time of data collection, 754 individuals with diabetes (381 boys) aged up to 16 years were registered. Relevant participant data was obtained from patient files. Consanguinity status was known in 735 (97.5%) participants. Furthermore, 12 families of children with neonatal diabetes and seven families of children with syndromic diabetes consented to genetic testing by next-generation sequencing. Prioritised variants were evaluated using the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: A total of 269 of 735 participants (36.5%) with known consanguinity status were offspring of consanguineous families. An overwhelming majority of participants (714/754, 94.7%) had clinically defined type 1 diabetes (35% of them were born to consanguineous parents), whereas only eight (1.1%) had type 2 diabetes (38% consanguineous). Fourteen (1.9%) had neonatal diabetes (50% consanguineous), seven (0.9%) had syndromic diabetes (100% consanguineous) and 11 (1.5%) had clinically defined MODY (18% consanguineous). We found that consanguinity was significantly associated with syndromic diabetes (p=0.0023) but not with any other diabetes subtype. The genetic cause was elucidated in ten of 12 participants with neonatal diabetes who consented to genetic testing (homozygous variants in GLIS3 [sibling pair], PTF1A and ZNF808 and heterozygous variants in ABCC8 and INS) and four of seven participants with syndromic diabetes (homozygous variants in INSR, SLC29A3 and WFS1 [sibling pair]). In addition, a participant referred as syndromic diabetes was diagnosed with mucolipidosis gamma and probably has type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: This unique single-centre study confirms that, even in a highly consanguineous population, clinically defined type 1 diabetes is the prevailing paediatric diabetes subtype. Furthermore, a pathogenic cause of monogenic diabetes was identified in 83% of tested participants with neonatal diabetes and 57% of participants with syndromic diabetes, with most variants being homozygous. Causative genes in our consanguineous participants were markedly different from genes reported from non-consanguineous populations and also from those reported in other consanguineous populations. To correctly diagnose syndromic diabetes in consanguineous populations, it may be necessary to re-evaluate diagnostic criteria and include additional phenotypic features such as short stature and hepatosplenomegaly.
- MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 1. typu * epidemiologie genetika MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu * epidemiologie genetika diagnóza MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutace genetika MeSH
- nemoci novorozenců * genetika MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- pokrevní příbuzenství MeSH
- proteiny přenášející nukleosidy genetika MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Irák MeSH
Cystická fibróza (CF) je autozomálně recesivně dědičné onemocnění. Příčinou jsou mutace CFTR genu, které vedou k dysfunkci chloridového kanálu. Tím dochází ke změně složení a vlastnosti sekretů, v klinickém obraze dominuje hlavně postižení plic a pankreatu. V posledních letech se díky novým terapiím výrazně prodlužuje střední doba života pacientů s CF, ale zároveň stoupá i výskyt komplikací. Jednou z nich je diabetes mellitus vázaný na cystickou fibrózu (cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, CFRD). V současné době má po 30. roce věku problém s porušenou glukózovou tolerancí či přímo s CFRD až 50 % pacientů. Proto je indikován pravidelný screening pomocí oGTT, roli ve včasné diagnostice budou hrát i nové technologie, jako je kontinuální monitorování glukózy pomocí senzorů. Dle současných doporučení je lékem volby při CFRD jednoznačně inzulin, v pokročilých stadiích využíváme léčbu inzulinovou pumpou spolu se senzorem (hybridní uzavřená smyčka). Dieta u CFRD je odlišná od ostatních typů diabetu. Neomezujeme energetický příjem ani příjem tuků. Konzumace sacharidů je limitována pouze částečně, omezení platí zejména pro sladké nápoje.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder. It is caused by mutations in CFTR gene that lead to chloride channel dysfunction and consequent changes in composition and properties of the secrets. The clinical presentation is dominated by the involvement of the lungs and pancreas. Thanks to novel therapies, the life expectancy of CF patients has improved significantly within the past years; anyway, the complication rate has also increased. One of them is cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD). After the age of 30 years old, up to 50 % of patients are currently developing impaired glucose tolerance or overt CFRD. Therefore regular screening is provided using oGTT, and new technologies such as continuous glucose monitoring (sensor) will also be employed in the near future. According to current guidelines, early insulin treatment is recommended. In advanced stages, insulin pump treatment linked with a sensor (hybrid closed loop system) is helpful. The CFRD diet differs from diets in other types of diabetes. Neither energy nor fat intake is reduced. Carbohydrate consumption is only partially restricted, especially the pop drinks.
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
- MeSH
- glykogenóza typu III * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- biografie MeSH
