BACKGROUND: To date there remains much ambiguity in the literature regarding the immunological interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and HIV and the true risk posed to coinfected individuals. There has been little conclusive data regarding the use of CD4 cell count and HIV viral load stratification as predictors of COVID-19 severity in this cohort. METHODS: We performed a retrospective, observational cohort study on people living with HIV (PLWH) who contracted COVID-19 in central and eastern Europe. We enrolled 536 patients from 16 countries using an online survey. We evaluated patient demographics, HIV characteristics and COVID-19 presentation and outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.1. RESULTS: The majority of the study cohort were male (76.4%) and 152 (28.3%) had a significant medical comorbidity. Median CD4 cell count at COVID-19 diagnosis was 605 cells/μL [interquartile range (IQR) 409-824]. The majority of patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) were virally suppressed (92%). In univariate analysis, CD4 cell count <350 cells/μL was associated with higher rates of hospitalization (p < 0.0001) and respiratory failure (p < 0.0001). Univariate and multivariate analyses found that an undetectable HIV VL was associated with a lower rate of hospitalization (p < 0.0001), respiratory failure (p < 0.0001), ICU admission or death (p < 0.0001), and with a higher chance of full recovery (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: We can conclude that detectable HIV viral load was an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19 illness and can be used as a prognostic indicator in this cohort.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * epidemiologie   komplikace   MeSH
• HIV infekce * komplikace   farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• počet CD4 lymfocytů MeSH
• respirační insuficience * MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
• testování na COVID-19 MeSH
• virová nálož MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• východní Evropa MeSH

Tularemie je infekční onemocnění způsobené drobnou gramnegativní bakterií Francisella tularensis. Patří mezi zoonotické infekce a v minulosti proběhlo v našich podmínkách několik významných epidemií. Diagnóza je často obtížná především pro horší dos­tupnost přímých vyšetřovacích metod. Sérologické vyšetření bývá v prvních fázích onemocnění nepřínosné. Základem je pečlivě odebraná epidemiologická anamnéza. Rozeznáváme několik klinických forem, přičemž plicní forma může být potenciálním následkem využití tularemie jako biologické zbraně.

Tularemia is an infectious disease caused by the tiny gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis. It belongs to zoonotic infections and in the past there have been several significant epidemics in our conditions. Diagnosis is often difficult mainly due to poorer availability of direct methods. Serological examination is usually unprofitable in the first stages of the disease. The basis for correct diagnosis is a carefully collected epidemiological anamnesis. We recognize several clinical forms, while the pulmonary form may be potentialy misused as a biological weapon.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky klasifikace   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• bakteriální zoonózy diagnóza   farmakoterapie   klasifikace   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• Francisella tularensis patogenita   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• přenos infekční nemoci MeSH
• tularemie * diagnóza   epidemiologie   farmakoterapie   přenos   MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

BACKGROUND: There are limited data on end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and mortality in people with HIV (PWH) coinfected with both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODS: All PWH aged greater than 18 under follow-up in EuroSIDA positive for HBsAg (HBV), and/or HCVRNA+, were followed from baseline (latest of 1 January 2001, EuroSIDA recruitment, known HBV/HCV status) to ESLD, death, last visit, or 31 December 2020. Follow-up while HCVRNA- was excluded. In two separate models, Poisson regression compared three groups updated over time; HIV/HBV, HIV/HCV, and HIV/HBV/HCV. RESULTS: Among 5733 included individuals, 4476 (78.1%) had HIV/HCV, 953 (16.6%) had HIV/HBV and 304 (5.3%) had HIV/HBV/HCV. In total, 289 (5%) developed ESLD during 34 178 person-years of follow-up (PYFU), incidence 8.5/1000 PYFU [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.5-9.4] and 707 deaths occurred during 34671 PYFU (incidence 20.4/1000 PYFU; 95% CI 18.9-21.9). After adjustment, compared with those with HIV/HCV, persons with HIV/HBV had significantly lower rates of ESLD [adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) 0.53; 95% CI 0.34-0.81]. Those with HIV/HBV/HCV had marginally significantly higher rates of ESLD (aIRR 1.49; 95% CI 0.98-2.26). Those under follow-up in 2014 or later had significantly lower rates of ESLD compared with 2007-2013 (aIRR 0.65; 95% CI 0.47-0.89). Differences in ESLD between the three groups were most pronounced in those aged at least 40. After adjustment, there were no significant differences in all-cause mortality across the three groups. CONCLUSION: HIV/HBV-coinfected individuals had lower rates of ESLD and HIV/HBV/HCV had higher rates of ESLD compared with those with HIV/HCV, especially in those aged more than 40. ESLD decreased over time across all groups. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02699736.

• MeSH
• Hepacivirus MeSH
• HIV infekce * komplikace   MeSH
• konečné stadium selhání jater * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• RNA MeSH
• virus hepatitidy B MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

INTRODUCTION: In the last decade, substantial differences in the epidemiology of, antiretroviral therapy (ART) for, cascade of care in and support to people with HIV in vulnerable populations have been observed between countries in Western Europe, Central Europe (CE) and Eastern Europe (EE). The aim of this study was to use a survey to explore whether ART availability and therapies have evolved in CE and EE according to European guidelines. METHODS: The Euroguidelines in Central and Eastern Europe (ECEE) Network Group conducted two identical multicentre cross-sectional online surveys in 2019 and 2021 concerning the availability and use of antiretroviral drugs (boosted protease inhibitors [bPIs], integrase inhibitors [INSTIs] and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NRTIs]), the introduction of a rapid ART start strategy and the use of two-drug regimens (2DRs) for starting or switching ART. We also investigated barriers to the implementation of these strategies in each region. RESULTS: In total, 18 centres participated in the study: four from CE, six from EE and eight from Southeastern Europe (SEE). Between those 2 years, older PIs were less frequently used and darunavir-based regimens were the main PIs (83%); bictegravir-based and tenofovir alafenamide-based regimens were introduced in CE and SEE but not in EE. The COVID-19 pandemic did not significantly interrupt delivery of ART in most centres. Two-thirds of centres adopted a rapid ART start strategy, mainly in pregnant women and to improve linkage of care in vulnerable populations. The main obstacle to rapid ART start was that national guidelines in several countries from all three regions did not support such as strategy or required laboratory tests first; an INSTI/NRTI combination was the most commonly prescribed regimen (75%) and was exclusively prescribed in SEE. 2DRs are increasingly used for starting or switching ART (58%), and an INSTI/NRTI was the preferred regimen (75%) in all regions and exclusively prescribed in SEE, whereas the use of bPIs declined. Metabolic disorders and adverse drug reactions were the main reasons for starting a 2DR; in the second survey, HIV RNA <500 000 c/ml and high cluster of differentiation (CD)-4 count emerged as additional important reasons. CONCLUSIONS: In just 2 years and in spite of the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, significant achievements concerning ART availability and strategies have occurred in CE, EE and SEE that facilitate the harmonization of those strategies with the European AIDS Clinical Society guidelines. Few exceptions exist, especially in EE. Continuous effort is needed to overcome various obstacles (administrative, financial, national guideline restrictions) in some countries.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * epidemiologie   MeSH
• HIV infekce * farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• inhibitory proteas terapeutické užití   MeSH
• látky proti HIV * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pandemie MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• inhibitory HIV kapsidy,
• MeSH
• fixní kombinace léků MeSH
• humanizované monoklonální protilátky MeSH
• inhibitory HIV fúze aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• inhibitory HIV-integrasy aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• inhibitory reverzní transkriptasy aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• látky proti HIV * aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rilpivirin aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• vysoce aktivní antiretrovirová terapie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Over 480 000 Ukrainian refugees have arrived in the Czech Republic since the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, including over 500 people with HIV. This study describes the demographics, characteristics, and management of Ukrainian refugees with HIV in the Czech Republic. DESIGN: Retrospective, observational, noninterventional study. METHODS: Ukrainian nationals registering at HIV centers in the Czech Republic with war refugee status were included. Data were collected from medical records between 1 March and 31 July 2022. The study was registered with the Czech State Institute for Drug Control, ID number 2301200000. RESULTS: Four hundred and eighty-two patients were included in the study. Most patients were female (69.5%; n = 335/482) with well-controlled HIV. The median [interquartile range] CD4 + cell count was 597 [397] cells/μl of blood, and 79.3% ( n = 361/455) of patients had HIV RNA <40 copies/ml. Coinfections of hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, and/or tuberculosis were reported for 17.4% ( n = 78/449), 9% ( n = 40/446) and 1.3% ( n = 6/446) of patients, respectively. In Ukraine, 85.7% ( n = 384/448) of patients had been receiving an integrase strand transfer inhibitor-based regimen and most (69.7%; n = 310/445) did not switch therapy upon arrival in the Czech Republic. CONCLUSION: Migration from Ukraine is changing the characteristics of HIV epidemiology in the Czech Republic. Ukrainian refugees with HIV have been provided with a high standard of medical care in the Czech Republic. Improved coordination between medical services within the Czech Republic and between countries in the European Union is necessary to optimize patient care.

• MeSH
• HIV infekce * epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• tuberkulóza * MeSH
• uprchlíci * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Exantém je rychlý výsev kožních eflorescencí do více lokalizací na těle. S typickou vyrážkou doprovázenou horečkou se na urgentním příjmu setkáváme především v souvislosti s dětskými infekčními onemocněními. S ohledem na zvýšenou migraci z východu a jihu a s přihlédnutím k možnému vyvanutí specifické imunity se setkáváme s těmito onemocněními i u dospělých pacientů. Zde bývá častěji průběh i výsev atypický a spoléháme se více na laboratorní diagnostické metody. Z makulózních a makulopapulózních exantémů se nejčastěji setkáváme s pátou a šestou nemocí, také se spalničkami nebo spálou. Z vezikulózních exantémů to pak bývá varicela a syndrom ruka-noha-ústa. Především u virových exantémových onemocnění se častěji obáváme bakteriálních komplikací než samotného primárního onemocnění. V některých případech je výrazně nebezpečná infekce těhotné ženy. Jedná se především o varicelu.

Exanthema is a rapid seeding of skin rash into multiple localizations on the body. A typical rash accompanied by fever occurs in the emergency department mainly in connection with childhood infectious diseases. With regard to the increased migration from the east and south and taking into account the possible evaporation of specific immunity, we encounter these diseases even in adult patients. Here, the course and sowing are more often atypical and we rely more on laboratory diagnostic methods. Of the macular and maculopapular exanthemas, we most often encounter the fifth and sixth diseases, also measles or scarlet fever. Vesiculous exanthemas include varicella and hand-foot-mouth syndrome. Especially in viral exanthematous diseases, we are more often afraid of bacterial complications than the primary disease itself. In some cases, infection of a pregnant woman is significantly dangerous. First of all, this is varicella.

With no expected vaccine for HIV in the near future, we aimed to define the current situation and challenges for pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP and PEP) in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The Euroguidelines CEE Network Group members were invited to respond to a 27-item survey including questions on PrEP (response rate 91.6%). PrEP was licensed in 68.2%; 95 centers offered PrEP and the estimated number on PrEP was around 9000. It was available in daily (40.1%), on-demand (13.3%), or both forms (33.3%). The access rate was <1−80%. Three major barriers for access were lack of knowledge/awareness among people who are in need (59.1%), not being reimbursed (50.0%), and low perception of HIV risk (45.5%). Non-occupational PEP was available in 86.4% and was recommended in the guidelines in 54.5%. It was fully reimbursed in 36.4%, only for accidental exposures in 40.9%, and was not reimbursed in 22.72%. Occupational PEP was available in 95.5% and was reimbursed fully. Although PrEP scale-up in the region has gained momentum, a huge gap exists between those who are in need of and those who can access PrEP. Prompt action is required to address the urgent need for PrEP scale-up in the CEE region.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH