The objective of the present study was to compare hepatic fatty acid deposition, plasma lipid level and expression of cholesterol homeostasis controlling genes in the liver of rats (Wistar Albino; n = 32) and pigs (Large White × Landrace; n = 32) randomly assigned into two groups of 16 animals each and fed 10 weeks the diet with either 2.5% of fish oil (F; source of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid, EPA+DHA) or 2.5% of palm oil (P; high content of saturated fatty acids; control). F-rats deposited in the liver three times less EPA, but 1.3 times more DHA than F-pigs (p < 0.05). Dietary fish oil relative to palm oil increased PPARα and SREBP-2 gene expression much strongly (p < 0.01) in the pig liver in comparison with the rat liver, but expression of Insig-1 and Hmgcr genes in the liver of the F-pigs relative to the expression of these genes in the liver of the P-pigs was substantially lower (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 respectively) as compared to rats. When plasma lipid concentration in the F-animals was expressed as a ratio of the plasma concentration in the P-counterparts, dietary fish oil decreased HDL cholesterol less (p < 0.01), but LDL cholesterol and triacylglycerols more (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001 respectively) in rats than in pigs: more favourable effect of fish oil on rat plasma lipids in comparison with pigs can therefore be concluded. Concentration of total cholesterol and both its fractions in the rat plasma was negatively correlated (p < 0.01) with hepatic DHA, but also with unsaturated myristic and palmitic acid respectively. It has been concluded that regarding the similarity of the plasma lipid levels to humans, porcine model can be considered superior; however, using this model, dietary fish oil at the tested amount (2.5%) was not able to improve plasma lipid markers in comparison with saturated palm oil.
- MeSH
- cholesterol metabolismus MeSH
- dieta veterinární MeSH
- fyziologie výživy zvířat MeSH
- hmotnostní přírůstek účinky léků MeSH
- homeostáza genetika fyziologie MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata analýza MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lipidy krev MeSH
- mastné kyseliny metabolismus MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- regulace genové exprese účinky léků MeSH
- rybí oleje aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The effects of live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain CNCM I-4407, 10(10) cfu/g; Actisaf; Lesaffre Feed Additives, Marcq-en-Baroeul, France) on the severity of diarrhea, immune response, and growth performance in weaned piglets orally challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strain O149:K88 were investigated. Live yeast was fed to sows and their piglets in the late gestation, suckling, and postweaning periods. Sows were fed a basal diet without (Control; n = 2) or with (Supplemented; n = 2) 1 g/kg of live yeast from d 94 of gestation and during lactation until weaning of the piglets (d 28). Suckling piglets of the supplemented sows were orally treated with 1 g of live yeast in porridge carrier 3 times a week until weaning. Weaned piglets were fed a basal starter diet without (Control; n = 19) or with (Supplemented; n = 15) 5 g of live yeast/kg feed for 2 wk. Significantly lower daily diarrhea scores (P < 0.05), duration of diarrhea (P < 0.01), and shedding of pathogenic ETEC bacteria (P < 0.05) in feces was detected in the supplemented piglets. Administration of live yeast significantly increased (P < 0.05) IgA levels in the serum of piglets. Evidence indicates that decreased infection-related stress and severity of diarrhea in yeast-fed weaned piglets positively affected their growth capacity in the postweaning period (P < 0.05). The results suggest that dietary supplementation with live yeast S. cerevisiae to sows and piglets in the late gestation, suckling, and postweaning periods can be useful in the reduction of the duration and severity of postweaning diarrhea caused by ETEC.
- MeSH
- dieta veterinární MeSH
- enterotoxigenní Escherichia coli klasifikace MeSH
- fyziologie výživy v mateřství MeSH
- fyziologie výživy zvířat MeSH
- imunoglobulin A krev MeSH
- infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli prevence a kontrola veterinární MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata MeSH
- nemoci prasat etiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- prasata růst a vývoj imunologie MeSH
- průjem etiologie prevence a kontrola veterinární MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae * MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky kontrolované MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Článek se zabývá problematikou „přidělování“ nákladné péče, jež je spojena s nutností vybírat mezi pacienty, neboť z kapacitních, finančních či jiných důvodů není možné péči poskytnout všem, kdo by z ní měli klinický prospěch. V sérii rozhovorů s vedoucími lékaři vybraných oddělení, poskytujících superspecializovanou péči, byla probírána aktuální situace z pohledu změn spojených s transformací zdravotnictví, především byl sledován dopad změn financování v r. 1997. Dále se diskutovalo o otázce výběru nemocných, transparentnosti přidělování péče a interferenci neklinických aspektů do procesu přidělování péče. Přidělování péče probíhá na základě uplatňování jak explicitních, tak implicitních kritérií. Z explicitních se uplatňují především klinické charakteristiky. Až na malé výjimky byla situace v době výzkumu (r. 2000) hodnocena z pohledu rationingu pozitivně, bez známek velkých disproporcí mezi klinickou potřebou a kapacitními možnostmi.Toto hodnocení je pravděpodobně silně ovlivněno neustálým porovnáváním aktuálních možností se situací před r. 1989, není však vyloučeno, že potřeba superspecializované péče je poddimenzována v důsledku špatné koordinace služeb na nižších úrovních zdravotnického systému a „zadržování“ nemocných v primární či ambulantní specializované péči.
The paper deals with the problem of „rationing“ expensive care which is connected with the necessity of selecting patients because it is not possible to provide that care to all of the patients who could be clinically benefited by it, be it for insufficient capacity of the facility, financial or other reasons. In a series of interviews with the heads of selected departments providing super-specialized healthcare there has been discussed the current situation from the point of view of changes connected with the transformation of healthcare with special emphasis on the impact of changes in financing since 1997. Further, there has been discussed the problem of selecting patients, the transparency of allotting care and the interference of non-clinical aspects into the process of that allotting. The providing of healthcare proceeds on the basis of applying explicit as well as implicit criteria.Among the explicit ones it is first of all clinical characteristics that assert themselves. Except for minor exceptions the situation at the time of the survey (year 2000) was assessed positively from the point of view of rationing, without any marked signs of disproportions between clinical need and available capacities. Such evaluations are probably influenced to a large degree by continual comparisons of current possibilities with the situation preceding the year 1989, however, it cannot be ruled out that the need of super-specialized healthcare is very under-dimensioned due to bad coordination of services at lower levels of the healthcare system and the „holding up“ of patients in primary and out-patient specialized care.
