• Klíčová slova
• dupilumab, studie Voyage,
• MeSH
• bronchiální astma * farmakoterapie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• eozinofilie MeSH
• hormony kůry nadledvin aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• humanizované monoklonální protilátky * aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• klinické zkoušky, fáze III jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plíce fyziologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie jako téma MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH

Background and objectives: Generally highlanders show altitudinal stresses on biological traits than their lowland counterparts. This study examines lung functions and their correlations with height, weight and body surface area in two Monpas groups namely, the Dirang and Tawang Monpas residing in low and high altitude area of Arunachal Pradesh. Methods: Anthropometric measurements were taken and lung functions tests were conducted among the adults aged 18–55 years. Results: Tawang Monpas are taller than Dirang Monpas, while Dirang Monpas are heavier than Tawang Mnpas. Values of lung function tests are higher in Dirang males than Tawang males. But in females no such trend emerges. In contrary to other Indian studies lung function values are more related to stature than body weight in these populations. Interpretation and Conclusion: Pearson coefficient of correlation ('r') between anthropometric and respiratory parameters shows statistically significant association in 3 cases (out of 24 cases) in Dirang Monpas and in 13 cases (out of 24 cases) in Tawang Monpas. This is indicative of altitudinal stresses on biological traits in highlander Tawang Monpas.

• Klíčová slova
• Monpové,
• MeSH
• antropometrie MeSH
• Asijci MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• korelace dat MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nadmořská výška MeSH
• plíce * fyziologie   MeSH
• povrch těla MeSH
• respirační funkční testy MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• tělesné váhy a míry * MeSH
• usilovný výdechový objem MeSH
• vrcholová exspirační průtoková rychlost MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH

PURPOSE: In patients with pleural effusion (PLE) monitored by Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) an increase in end-expiratory lung impedance (EELI) is observed following evacuation of the PLE. We aimed at differentiating the effect of fluid removal from lung reaeration and describe the change in ventilation distribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mechanically ventilated patients were monitored by EIT during PLE evacuation. End-expiratory lung volume (EELV) was measured concurrently. We included a calibration maneuver consisting of an increase in positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) by 5 cm H2O. The ratio ΔEELI/ΔEELV was used to compare changes of EELI and EELV in response to the calibration maneuver and PLE evacuation. At the same time we assessed distribution of ventilation using changes in tidal variation. RESULTS: PLE removal resulted in a 6-fold greater increase in ΔEELI/ΔEELV when compared to the calibration maneuver (r = 0.84, p < .05). We observed a relative increase in ventilation in the area of the effusion (mean 7.1%, p < .006) and an overall shift of ventilation to the dorsal fraction of the lungs (mean 8%, p < .0002). CONCLUSIONS: The increase in EELI in the EIT image after PLE removal was primarily due to the removal of the conductive effusion fluid.

• MeSH
• dechový objem MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• drenáž metody   MeSH
• elektrická impedance * MeSH
• jednotky intenzivní péče MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemocnice univerzitní MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• pleurální výpotek terapie   MeSH
• plíce fyziologie   MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie metody   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ventilace umělá s výdechovým přetlakem metody   MeSH
• vojenské nemocnice MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Some neural circuits within infants are not fully developed at birth, especially in preterm infants. Therefore, it is unclear whether reflexes that affect breathing may or may not be activated during the neonatal stabilisation at birth. Both sensory reflexes (eg, tactile stimulation) and non-invasive ventilation (NIV) can promote spontaneous breathing at birth, but the application of NIV can also compromise breathing by inducing facial reflexes that inhibit spontaneous breathing. Applying an interface could provoke the trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR) by stimulating the trigeminal nerve resulting in apnoea and a reduction in heart rate. Similarly, airflow within the nasopharynx can elicit the TCR and/or laryngeal chemoreflex (LCR), resulting in glottal closure and ineffective ventilation, whereas providing pressure via inflations could stimulate multiple receptors that affect breathing. Stimulating the fast adapting pulmonary receptors may activate Head's paradoxical reflex to stimulate spontaneous breathing. In contrast, stimulating the slow adapting pulmonary receptors or laryngeal receptors could induce the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex or LCR, respectively, and thereby inhibit spontaneous breathing. As clinicians are most often unaware that starting primary care might affect the breathing they intend to support, this narrative review summarises the currently available evidence on (vagally mediated) reflexes that might promote or inhibit spontaneous breathing at birth.

• MeSH
• dýchání * MeSH
• fyzikální stimulace MeSH
• hmat MeSH
• hypotermie prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neinvazivní ventilace přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• nervus vagus fyziologie   MeSH
• novorozenec nedonošený fyziologie   MeSH
• odsávání MeSH
• plíce fyziologie   MeSH
• plicní ventilace MeSH
• primární zdravotní péče MeSH
• reflex * MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Nebulization with saline solution, although commonly used to alleviate respiratory symptoms, particularly in children, is often questioned concerning its effectiveness. In this study, we investigated the effects of isotonic saline nebulization on lung function in 40 children (mean age of 14±1 years) suffering from different types of airway disorders. Measurements were carried out directly before and up to 15 min after nebulization, for six days in a row, always on the same day time in the morning. The children were divided into two study groups according to the baseline ratio of forced expired volume in one second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC), below and above 80 %. We found significant improvements after saline nebulization in FEV1, mid-expiratory flow at 50 % and 75 % of FVC (MEF50 and MEF75), and peak expiratory flow (PEF) in the group with the baseline FEV1/FVC less than 80 %. In contradistinction, children with an index greater than 80 % displayed no appreciable changes in the lung function variables when compared with the baseline level before saline nebulization. We conclude that isotonic saline nebulization might mitigate the functional signs of threatening pulmonary obstruction and as such may be clinically useful in pediatric patients with mild respiratory problems.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mechanika dýchání účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nebulizátory a vaporizátory * MeSH
• plíce účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• poruchy dýchání diagnóza   patofyziologie   MeSH
• respirační funkční testy metody   MeSH
• solný roztok aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• usilovný výdechový objem účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: There is no strict correlation between early bronchopulmonary dysplasia and long-term respiratory disease. Early inhaled corticosteroids seem to reduce the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, but the long-term outcome remains unknown. RESEARCH QUESTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of early inhaled corticosteroids on chronic respiratory morbidity. METHODS: Fifty-nine survivors from the Prague cohort included in Neonatal European Study of Inhaled Steroids underwent further follow-up comprising of respiratory morbidity monitoring during the first 2 years of life followed by objective lung function testing performed at the age of 5.9 years (range 5-7 years). Both outcomes were pursued and finalized before the unblinding of budesonide subgroups. RESULTS: Fifty randomized (budesonide vs placebo group, 56% vs 44%) survivors were included in the study. Spirometry was successfully performed in 48 children. No statistically significant differences were found in the lung function test (forced expiratory flow [FEF] - FEF75 , FEF50, FEF25 , and FEF25-75; FEV1 , forced vital capacity [FVC], FEV1 /FVC) although mild trend to the improvement of expiratory flow pattern was observed in the budesonide group (median z-score of FEV1 /FVC -0.376 vs -0.983, P = .13; median z-score of FEF25-75 -1.004 vs -1.458, P = .13; median z-score of FEF75 -0.527 vs -0.996, P = .17). Children assigned to budesonide had a significantly lower rate of symptoms of chronic lung disease (34.6% vs 68.2%; P = .04) than children assigned to placebo. INTERPRETATION: Our study suggests that early inhaled budesonide was associated with the trend to the improvement of functional lung parameters and with a lower rate of symptoms of chronic lung disease within the first 2 years of life.

• MeSH
• aplikace inhalační MeSH
• bronchodilatancia terapeutické užití   MeSH
• budesonid terapeutické užití   MeSH
• glukokortikoidy terapeutické užití   MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenci extrémně nezralí * MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• plíce fyziologie   MeSH
• plicní nemoci prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• spirometrie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

• MeSH
• ateroskleróza komplikace   patofyziologie   patologie   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
• hormonální substituční terapie MeSH
• hypogonadismus farmakoterapie   komplikace   metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• kosterní svaly účinky léků   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• měření objemu plic MeSH
• placeba MeSH
• plíce fyziologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• složení těla fyziologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• spotřeba kyslíku účinky léků   MeSH
• stárnutí krev   metabolismus   účinky léků   MeSH
• testosteron terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• souhrny MeSH

Purpose Phonations into a tube with the distal end either in the air or submerged in water are used for voice therapy. This study explores the effective mechanisms of these therapy methods. Method The study applied a physical model complemented by calculations from a computational model, and the results were compared to those that have been reported for humans. The effects of tube phonation on vocal tract resonances and oral pressure variation were studied. The relationships of transglottic pressure variation in time Ptrans ( t) versus glottal area variation in time GA( t) were constructed. Results The physical model revealed that, for the phonation on [u:] vowel through a glass resonance tube ending in the air, the 1st formant frequency ( F1 ) decreased by 67%, from 315 Hz to 105 Hz, thus slightly above the fundamental frequency ( F0 ) that was set to 90-94 Hz . For phonation through the tube into water, F1 decreased by 91%-92%, reaching 26-28 Hz, and the water bubbling frequency Fb ≅ 19-24 Hz was just below F1 . The relationships of Ptrans ( t) versus GA( t) clearly differentiate vowel phonation from both therapy methods, and show a physical background for voice therapy with tubes. It is shown that comparable results have been measured in humans during tube therapy. For the tube in air, F1 descends closer to F0 , whereas for the tube in water, the frequency Fb occurs close to the acoustic-mechanical resonance of the human vocal tract. Conclusion In both therapy methods, part of the airflow energy required for phonation is substituted by the acoustic energy utilizing the 1st acoustic resonance. Thus, less flow energy is needed for vocal fold vibration, which results in improved vocal efficiency. The effect can be stronger in water resistance therapy if the frequency Fb approaches the acoustic-mechanical resonance of the vocal tract, while simultaneously F0 is voluntarily changed close to F1.

• MeSH
• akustika řeči MeSH
• fonace fyziologie   MeSH
• glottis MeSH
• hlasový trénink MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely anatomické MeSH
• plíce fyziologie   MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• řečová terapie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a noninvasive imaging modality that allows real-time monitoring of regional lung ventilation. The aim of the study is to investigate whether fast saline infusion causes changes in lung impedance that could affect the interpretation of EIT data. Eleven pigs were anaesthetized and mechanically ventilated. A bolus of 500 mL of normal saline was administered rapidly. Two PEEP steps were performed to allow quantification of the effect of normal saline on lung impedance. The mean change of end-expiratory lung impedance (EELI) caused by the saline bolus was equivalent to a virtual decrease of end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) by 227 (188-250) mL and decremental PEEP step of 4.40 (3.95-4.59) cmH2O (median and interquartile range). In contrast to the changes of PEEP, the administration of normal saline did not cause any significant differences in measured EELV, regional distribution of lung ventilation determined by EIT or in extravascular lung water and intrathoracic blood volume. In conclusion, EELI can be affected by the changes of EELV as well as by the administration of normal saline. These two phenomena can be distinguished by analysis of regional distribution of lung ventilation.

• MeSH
• artefakty * MeSH
• dechový objem MeSH
• elektrická impedance * MeSH
• intravenózní infuze škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• plíce diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• solný roztok aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• tomografie metody   normy   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: The performance of the respiratory system during the exercise is limiting the final performance in endurance disciplines. The quality of breathing is linked to endurance performance, subject´s training state, intensity and duration of the physical load, the implementation of which, thus the economy of breathing, is possible to influence through a targeted breathing exercise. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of breathing intervention exercises on the effectiveness of breathing by monitoring value of tidal volume (VT) and breathing frequency (BF) during an endurance type load in adolescent endurance runners. METHODS: Thirty-seven 37 adolescent endurance runners were enrolled in this study. The girls were 16.79±1.51 years old, the boys were 16.5±1.8 years old. They are involved in endurance training for at least one year. Twenty-one probands took part in the intervention scheme; sixteen probands formed the control group. The study investigated the effect of two months and four months of breathing exercise intervention on tidal volume VT and BF. RESULTS: The probands carried out breathing exercises, which took an average of 13.1±3.7 minutes per day over the first two months, and an average of 11.1±3.9 minutes per day over the next two months. The breathing economy was significantly changed as a result of respiratory exercise intervention. Already after 2 months of intervention there was a significant decrease of BF (by 5.92%) and a significant increase of VT (by 4.44%). After another 2 months, the changes were even more pronounced. In the 4 months of the intervention, the BF decreased by 11.47% and the VT increased by 10.96% in comparison to the original state. In the control group, there were no significant changes. CONCLUSIONS: It was confirmed that the two-month breathing exercise intervention focused on the activation of the diaphragm is sufficient and resulted in significant changes of in VT and BF.

• MeSH
• běh fyziologie   MeSH
• cvičení fyziologie   MeSH
• dechová cvičení metody   MeSH
• dýchání * MeSH
• fyzická vytrvalost fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• plíce fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH