Upsurge in the instances of antibiotic-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia .coli (UPECs) strains has repositioned the attention of researchers towards a century old antimicrobial approach popularly known as phage therapy. Rise of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) and biofilm producing strains has added another step of hurdle in treatment of uropathogens with conventional antibiotics, thus providing a further impetus for search for exploring new therapeutic measures. In this direction, bacteriophages, commonly called phages, are recently being considered as potential alternatives for treatment of UPECs. Phages are the tiniest form of viruses which are ubiquitous in nature and highly specific for their host. This review discusses the possible ways of using natural phages, genetically engineered phages, and phage lytic enzymes (PLEs) as an alternative antimicrobial treatment for urinary tract infections. The review also sheds light on the synergistic use of conventional antibiotics with phages or PLEs for treatment of uropathogens. These methods of using phages and their derivatives, alone or in combination with antibiotics, have proved fruitful so far in in vitro studies. However, in vivo studies are required to make them accessible for human use. The present review is a concerted effort towards putting together all the information available on the subject.
- MeSH
- bakteriofágy genetika fyziologie MeSH
- fágová terapie * MeSH
- infekce močového ústrojí mikrobiologie terapie MeSH
- infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli mikrobiologie terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- uropatogenní Escherichia coli genetika fyziologie virologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The presence of a diversity of virulence factors such as Chaperone-Usher (CU) fibers in uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) pathotypes virulome has offered these bacteria a unique opportunity to select the right factors in suitable condition. Understanding the structures and mechanisms of these infectious weapons enables us to prevent the occurrence of infections and/or to treat the urinary tract infections (UTIs) with effective methodologies. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the mechanisms of CU fimbriae (CUF) formation in UPEC. Several CU fibers including Auf, Dr, F1C, S, Type 9, Type 3, Type 1, and P fimbriae have been recognized in UPEC pathotypes. These fimbrial organelles may have cross-talk with each other in the presence of different environmental factors. In other words, the expression or the silence of their genes are associated with a wide range of items comprising environmental factors, genetical factors, physiological factors, etc. Recognition, detection, and identification of virulome and the related characteristics, properties, and mechanisms in UPEC enable us to create new methodologies to have a definite prevention and treatment for UTIs in this regard.
- MeSH
- bakteriální adheze * MeSH
- bakteriální fimbrie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- biofilmy MeSH
- faktory virulence genetika MeSH
- infekce močového ústrojí mikrobiologie MeSH
- infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- proteiny fimbrií genetika metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny z Escherichia coli metabolismus MeSH
- uropatogenní Escherichia coli genetika patogenita MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Asymptomatic uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPECs) are the leading cause of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) in humans. So this study aimed to identify and characterize ABU UPECs from hospitalized patients of Kolkata, India, with respect to their antibiogram profile, phylogeny, pathogenicity islands, and virulence factor gene acquisition and FimH mutations in comparison to symptomatic UPECs. E. coli was detected biochemically in 44.44% (20/45) and 32.26% (20/62) of urine culture-positive asymptomatic and symptomatic hospitalized individuals respectively. Ninety-five percent of the asymptomatic isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) compared to the symptomatic isolates (100%). Significant predominance of unknown phylogroup, pathogenicity island markers (PAI IV536, PAI I CFT073), and distribution patterns of different virulence factor genes respectively was evident among both groups. A significant correlation was observed between both groups of isolates with respect to their antibiotic resistances (except imipenem, amikacin, and nitrofurantoin), prevalence of phylogenetic groups and PAIs, and virulence factor gene (fimH, papC, papEF, papGII, iucD, and cnf1) acquisition. Pathoadaptive FimH adhesin mutations, especially hot spot mutation V27A, were detected in 80% asymptomatic isolates mostly reported in symptomatic ones worldwide. Moreover, this is the first study from India that reported incidence of "Unknown" phylogroup, pathogenicity island markers, and potentially pathoadaptive FimH mutations in asymptomatic UPECs isolated from hospitalized patients which further indicated that these ABU E. coli might have originated from their symptomatic counterparts due to unbridled use of unprescribed antibiotics. Therefore, this study demands antibiotic de-escalation along with regular and intricate monitoring at the molecular level for efficient management of ABU that addresses a major public health concern.
- MeSH
- adheziny Escherichia coli genetika metabolismus MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- asymptomatické nemoci MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- faktory virulence genetika metabolismus MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genomové ostrovy MeSH
- hospitalizace MeSH
- infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli epidemiologie mikrobiologie terapie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence * MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- proteiny fimbrií genetika metabolismus MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- uropatogenní Escherichia coli účinky léků genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Indie MeSH
The present study was aimed at investigating the relationship between the new Clermont's phylogenetic groups, virulence factors, and pathogenicity island markers (PAIs) among uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) in Iran. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 140 UPEC isolates collected from patients with urinary tract infections in Bushehr, Iran. All isolates were subjected to phylogenetic typing using a new quadruplex-PCR method. The presence of PAI markers and virulence factors in UPEC strains was evaluated by multiplex PCR. The most predominant virulence gene was fimH (85%), followed by iucC (61.4%), papC (38.6%), hlyA (22.1%), cnf-1 (18.6%), afa (10.7%), papG and neuC (each 9.3%), ibeA (3.6%), and sfa/foc (0.7%). The most common phylogenetic group was related to B2 (39.3%), and the least common to A (0.7%). The most prevalent PAI marker was PAI IV536 (77.14%), while markers for PAI III536 (13.57%), PAI IIJ96 (12.86%), and PAI II536 (12.14%) were the least frequent among the UPEC strains. Meanwhile, the PAI IJ96 marker was not detected. There was a significant association between the phylogenetic group B2 and all the studied virulence genes and PAI markers. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare the relationship between new phylogenetic groups, virulence genes and PAI markers in UPEC strains in Iran. The phylogenetic group B2 was predominantly represented among the studied virulence genes and PAI markers, indicating the preference of particular strains to carry virulence genes.
- MeSH
- DNA bakterií genetika MeSH
- faktory virulence genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- genom bakteriální MeSH
- genomové ostrovy genetika MeSH
- infekce močového ústrojí mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- uropatogenní Escherichia coli genetika patogenita MeSH
- virulence genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Írán MeSH
The host is the main environment for bacteria, and they also expose to many antibiotics during the treatment of infectious diseases in host body. In this study, it was aimed to investigate possible changes in growth rate and expression levels of three virulence genes (foc/foc, cnf1, and usp) in a uropathogenic E. coli standard strain within the presence of ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The UPEC C7 strain was grown on tryptic soy broth-TSB (control), TSB + ciprofloxacin, TSB + nitrofurantoin, and TSB + trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for determination of both growth rate and gene expression level. Antibiotics were added according to their sub-minimal inhibition concentrations. E-test was used to determine MIC values of antibiotics. Growth changes were measured in absorbance 600 nm during 24-h period. Total RNA isolations were performed after incubation for 24 h at 37 °C. Gene expression levels were determined by quantitative PCR. Tukey's post hoc test was used for statistical analysis. According to absorbance values, it has been shown that only ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole have lead significant decrease on growth rate. We also detected statistically significant differences in each gene expression levels for all antibiotics via relative quantification analysis. Fold changes in gene expression was found 0.65, 1.42, 0.23 for foc/foc gene; 0.01, 0.01, 2.84 for cnf1 gene; and 0.1, 0.01, 0.01 for usp gene in the presence of ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, respectively. This investigation has shown that antibiotics can play a role as an environmental factor which may determine the pathogenicity of bacteria in vivo.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny genetika MeSH
- bakteriální toxiny genetika MeSH
- ciprofloxacin metabolismus farmakokinetika MeSH
- kombinace léků trimethoprim a sulfamethoxazol metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- membránové transportní proteiny genetika MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- nitrofurantoin metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- proteiny z Escherichia coli genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u bakterií fyziologie MeSH
- uropatogenní Escherichia coli účinky léků genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- virulence genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolates contain large genomic segments, termed pathogenicity islands (PAIs), that contribute to their virulence. A total of 150 UPEC and 50 commensal E. coli isolates from outpatients were investigated for antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of eight PAI markers. One hundred ninety (95 %) isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents. The most frequent resistance found against amoxicillin (68 %), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (55 %), aztreonam (50 %), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (46 %) and tetracycline (43.5 %). Antimicrobial resistance among UPEC isolates was higher than that of commensals. PAI markers were detected in substantial percentage of commensal (88 %) and UPEC isolates (98.6 %) (P > 0.05). The most prevalent PAI marker among UPEC and commensal isolates was PAI IV536 (98.7 % UPEC vs. 84 % commensal). We found a high number of PAI markers such as PAI ICFT073, PAI IICFT073, PAI I536, PAI II536, PAI III536 and PAI IIJ96 significantly associated with UPEC. PAI III536 (21.3 %) and PAI IIJ96 (8 %) were detected only in the uropathogenic isolates. Several different combinations of PAIs were found among UPEC isolates. Comparison of PAIs among UPEC and commensal isolates showed that many UPEC isolates (79.3 %) carried two or more PAI markers, while 6 % of commensals had two PAI markers (P < 0.05). The most frequent combinations of PAI markers in UPEC isolates were PAI IV536 + PAI IICFT073 (18 %) and PAI IV536 + PAI ICFT073 + PAI IICFT073 (18 %). These results indicate that PAI markers are widespread among commensal and UPEC isolates and these commensal isolates may be reservoirs for transmission of these markers.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
- genetické markery * MeSH
- genom bakteriální * MeSH
- genomové ostrovy * MeSH
- infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- symbióza MeSH
- uropatogenní Escherichia coli účinky léků genetika patogenita MeSH
- virulence genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
A collection of 201 Escherichia coli strains isolated from urine of patients in a Tunisian hospital between January 2006 and July 2008 was studied. Microbial identification was done by conventional methods, and antibiotic susceptibility with disk diffusion method was performed according to the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute guidelines. Detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) was performed by double-disk synergy test (DDST) and identification was done by PCR and sequencing. ESBL-producing isolates were subjected to molecular typing by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and ST131 detection by PCR. Four phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2 and D), 18 virulence genes and CTX-M group were individualized using PCR. Statistical analysis was done by Pearson χ2 test and Mann-Whitney U test. The strains were recovered primarily from urology (28%), maternity (19%) and medicine (16%) wards. Antibiotic resistance rates were ampicilin (72.1%), nalidixic acid (41.8%), ciprofloxacin (38.8%), gentamicin (23.9%) and cefotaxime (17.4%). Thirty-one of cefotaxime-resistant isolates (n = 35) had a positive DDST and harboured bla CTX-M-15 gene. Twenty of them (64.5%) belonged to the ST131 clone and showed the same RAPD DNA profile. Ciprofloxacin- and cotrimoxazole-susceptible isolates were significantly associated with phylogenetic group B2, whereas isolates that were resistant to these molecules were associated with B1 and D phylogenetic groups, respectively. Virulence genes were significantly more frequent among ciprofloxacin- and cotrimoxazole-susceptible strains than those resistant to these antibiotics. However, CXT-M-15-producing isolates were associated with many virulence genes. Isolates concomitantly susceptible to the three antimicrobials agents (ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime and cotrimoxazole) were significantly associated with group B2 and high virulence score, whereas isolates with resistance patterns especially those including resistance to ciprofloxacin belonged predominantly to B1 phylogroup and haboured few virulence genes. The emergence of virulent and multidrug-resistant E. coli is a concerning development that deserves close attention in our institution.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- beta-laktamasy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genotyp * MeSH
- infekce močového ústrojí farmakoterapie epidemiologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí * MeSH
- infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli farmakoterapie epidemiologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence * MeSH
- uropatogenní Escherichia coli klasifikace účinky léků genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- virulence genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Tunisko MeSH
BACKGROUND: Bacteriocin production is an important characteristic of E. coli strains of human origin. To date, 26 colicin and 9 microcin types have been analyzed on a molecular level allowing molecular detection of the corresponding genes. The production incidence of 29 bacteriocin types and E. coli phylogroups were tested in a set of 361 E. coli strains isolated from human urinary tract infections (UTI) and in 411 control strains isolated from feces of patients without bacterial gut infection. RESULTS: Production of 17 and 20 individual bacteriocin types was found in the UTI and control strains, respectively. Microcin H47 encoding determinants were found more often among UTI strains compared to controls (37.9% and 27.0% respectively, p = 0.02) and strains producing microcin H47 belonged predominantly to phylogroup B2 when compared to other bacteriocin producers (67.4% and 36.7%, respectively; p < 0.0001). Producers of 3 or more identified bacteriocin types were more common in the UTI group (20.0% compared to 12.4% in controls, p = 0.03). In the UTI strains, there was a markedly higher number of those producing colicin E1 compared to controls (22.1% to 10.2%, respectively, p = 0.0008). Moreover, colicin E1 production was more common in the UTI bacteriocinogenic strains with multi-producer capabilities. As shown by Southern blotting, pColE1 DNA was not recognized by the ColIa probe and vice versa suggesting that pColE1 was independently associated with pColIa in UTI strains. CONCLUSION: E. coli strains isolated from human urinary tract infections showed increased incidence of microcin H47 and colicin E1 production, respectively. Moreover, colicin E1 itself appears to be a potentially important virulence factor of certain uropathogenic E. coli strains.
- MeSH
- bakteriociny biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- Escherichia coli genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- faktory virulence genetika metabolismus MeSH
- feces mikrobiologie MeSH
- infekce močového ústrojí mikrobiologie MeSH
- infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli mikrobiologie MeSH
- koliciny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- uropatogenní Escherichia coli genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
