The rapid evolution and spread of multidrug resistance among bacterial pathogens has significantly outpaced the development of new antibiotics, underscoring the urgent need for alternative therapies. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and antimicrobial sonodynamic therapy have emerged as promising treatments. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy relies on the interaction between light and a photosensitizer to produce reactive oxygen species, which are highly cytotoxic to microorganisms, leading to their destruction without fostering resistance. Antimicrobial sonodynamic therapy, a novel variation, substitutes ultrasound for light to activate the sonosensitizers, expanding the therapeutic reach. To increase the efficiency of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and antimicrobial sonodynamic therapy, the combination of these two methods, known as antimicrobial photo-sonodynamic therapy, is currently being explored and considered a promising approach. Recent advances, particularly in the application of nanomaterials, have further enhanced the efficacy of these therapies. Nanosensitizers, due to their improved reactive oxygen species generation and targeted delivery, offer significant advantages in overcoming the limitations of conventional sensitizers. These breakthroughs provide new avenues for treating bacterial infections, especially multidrug-resistant strains and biofilm-associated infections. Continued research, including comprehensive clinical studies, is crucial to optimizing nanomaterial-based antimicrobial photo-sonodynamic therapy for clinical use, ensuring their effectiveness in real-world applications.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky * farmakologie MeSH
- Bacteria účinky léků MeSH
- bakteriální infekce * farmakoterapie mikrobiologie terapie MeSH
- biofilmy účinky léků MeSH
- fotochemoterapie * metody MeSH
- fotosenzibilizující látky * farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nanočástice chemie MeSH
- nanostruktury chemie MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus MeSH
- ultrazvuková terapie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
A Mycobacterium smegmatis transcriptional regulator, MSMEG_5850, and its ortholog in M. tuberculosis, rv0775 were annotated as putative TetR Family Transcriptional Regulators. Our previous study revealed MSMEG_5850 is involved in global transcriptional regulation in M. smegmatis and the presence of gene product supported the survival of bacteria during nutritional starvation. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MSMEG_5850 diverged early in comparison to its counterparts in virulent strains. Therefore, the expression pattern of MSMEG_5850 and its counterpart, rv0775, was compared during various in-vitro growth and stress conditions. Expression of MSMEG_5850 was induced under different environmental stresses while no change in expression was observed under mid-exponential and stationary phases. No expression of rv0775 was observed under any stress condition tested, while the gene was expressed during the mid-exponential phase that declined in the stationary phase. The effect of MSMEG_5850 on the survival of M. smegmatis under stress conditions and growth pattern was studied using wild type, knockout, and supplemented strain. Deletion of MSMEG_5850 resulted in altered colony morphology, biofilm/pellicle formation, and growth pattern of M. smegmatis. The survival rate of wild-type MSMEG_5850 was higher in comparison to knockout under different environmental stresses. Overall, this study suggested the role of MSMEG_5850 in the growth and adaptation/survival of M. smegmatis under stress conditions.
- MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- biofilmy růst a vývoj MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- fyziologický stres * MeSH
- mikrobiální viabilita MeSH
- Mycobacterium smegmatis * genetika růst a vývoj fyziologie metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u bakterií MeSH
- transkripční faktory * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, and Burkholderia cenocepacia are considered emerging pathogens classified as a public health problem due to extensive antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, the discovery of new therapeutic strategies has become crucial. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of gallic acid and methyl gallate against non-fermenting bacteria. The study included five clinical isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, and Burkholderia cenocepacia. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of gallic acid and methyl gallate were determined by the broth microdilution method. Growth curves, metabolic activity, and biofilm formation of each bacterial strain in the presence or absence of phenolic compounds were performed. Finally, the therapeutic efficacy of the compounds was evaluated using an in vivo model. Gallic acid and methyl gallate showed antibacterial activity against bacterial strains in a concentration range of 64 to 256 μg/mL, both compounds reduced bacterial growth and metabolic activity of the strains, even at subinhibitory concentrations. Only, methyl gallate exhibited activity to inhibit the formation of bacterial biofilms. Moreover, gallic acid and methyl gallate increased larval survival by up to 60% compared to 30% survival of untreated larvae in a bacterial infection model in Galleria mellonella. Our results highlight the potential of gallic acid and methyl gallate as therapeutic alternatives for infections by emerging non-fermentative bacteria.
The opportunistic pathogen Candida parapsilosis is a major causative agent of candidiasis leading to death in immunocompromised individuals. Azoles are the first line of defense in their treatment. The purpose of this study was to characterize eight fluconazole-resistant and sensitive C. parapsilosis hospital isolates through a battery of phenotypic tests that target pathogenicity attributes such as virulence, biofilm formation, stress resistance, and ergosterol content. Whole genome sequencing was carried out to identify mutations in key pathogenicity and resistance genes. Phylogenetic comparison was performed to determine strain relatedness and clonality. Genomic data and phylogenetic analysis revealed that two isolates were C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis misidentified as C. parapsilosis. Whole genome sequencing analysis revealed known and novel mutations in key drug resistance and pathogenicity genes such as ALS6, ALS7, SAPP3, SAP7, SAP9, CDR1, ERG6, ERG11 and UPC2. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a high degree of relatedness and clonality within our C. parapsilosis isolates. Our results showed that resistant isolates exhibited an increase in biofilm content compared to the sensitive isolates. In conclusion, our study is the first of its kind in Lebanon to describe phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of nosocomial C. parapsilosis complex isolates having a remarkable ability to form biofilms.
- MeSH
- antifungální látky * farmakologie MeSH
- biofilmy * růst a vývoj MeSH
- Candida parapsilosis * genetika izolace a purifikace klasifikace MeSH
- fenotyp * MeSH
- flukonazol farmakologie MeSH
- fungální léková rezistence * genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- genotyp * MeSH
- infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí mikrobiologie MeSH
- kandidóza * mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti * MeSH
- nemocnice MeSH
- sekvenování celého genomu * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Libanon MeSH
Bacterial biofilms exhibit remarkable resistance against conventional antibiotics and are capable of evading the humoral immune response. They account for nearly 80% of chronic infections in humans. Development of bacterial biofilms on medical implants results in their malfunctioning and subsequently leads to high mortality rates worldwide. Therefore, early and precise diagnosis of bacterial biofilms on implanted medical devices is essential to prevent their failure and associated complications. Culture-based methods are time consuming, more prone to contamination and often exhibit low sensitivity. Different molecular, imaging, and physical methods can aid in more accurate and faster detection of implant-associated bacterial biofilms. Biofilm growth on implant surface can be prevented either through modification of the implant material or by application of different antibacterial coatings on implant surface. Experimental studies have shown that pre-existing biofilms from medical implants can be removed by breaking down biofilm matrix, utilizing physical methods, nanomaterials and antimicrobial peptides. The current review delves into mechanism of biofilm formation on implanted medical devices and the subsequent host immune response. Much emphasis has been laid on different ongoing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to achieve improved patient outcomes and reduced socio-economic burden.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- Bacteria účinky léků izolace a purifikace růst a vývoj MeSH
- bakteriální infekce * diagnóza farmakoterapie mikrobiologie MeSH
- biofilmy * účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- infekce spojené s protézou * diagnóza mikrobiologie farmakoterapie prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- protézy a implantáty * mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Polymicrobial biofilms, the reason for most chronic wound infections, play a significant role in increasing antibiotic resistance. The in vivo effectiveness of the new anti-biofilm therapy is conditioned by the profound evaluation using appropriate in vitro biofilm models. Since nutrient availability is crucial for in vitro biofilm formation, this study is focused on the impact of four selected cultivation media on the properties of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans dual-species biofilms. To reflect the wound environment, Tryptic soy broth, RPMI 1640 with and without glucose, and Lubbock medium were supplemented with different amounts of host effector molecules present in human plasma or sheep red blood cells. The study demonstrates that the Lubbock medium provided the most appropriate amount of nutrients regarding the biomass structure and the highest degree of tolerance to selected antimicrobials with the evident contribution of the biofilm matrix. Our results allow the rational employment of nutrition conditions within methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans dual-species biofilm formation in vitro for preclinical research. Additionally, one of the potential targets of a complex antibiofilm strategy, carbohydrates, was revealed since they are prevailing molecules in the matrices regardless of the cultivation media.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- biofilmy * účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- Candida albicans * účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- kultivační média * farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus * účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- ovce MeSH
- živiny metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Bacterial biofilms pose significant challenges, from healthcare-associated infections to biofouling in industrial systems, resulting in significant health impacts and financial losses globally. Classic antimicrobial methods often fail to eradicate sessile microbial communities within biofilms, requiring innovative approaches. This review explores the structure, formation, and role of biofilms, highlighting the critical importance of exopolysaccharides in biofilm stability and resistance mechanisms. We emphasize the potential of microbial enzymatic approaches, particularly focusing on glycosidases, proteases, and deoxyribonucleases, which can disrupt biofilm matrices effectively. We also delve into the importance of enzymes such as cellobiose dehydrogenase, which disrupts biofilms by degrading polysaccharides. This enzyme is mainly sourced from Aspergillus niger and Sclerotium rolfsii, with optimized production strategies enhancing its efficacy. Additionally, we explore levan hydrolase, alginate lyase, α-amylase, protease, and lysostaphin as potent antibiofilm agents, discussing their microbial origins and production optimization strategies. These enzymes offer promising avenues for combating biofilm-related challenges in healthcare, environmental, and industrial settings. Ultimately, enzymatic strategies present environmentally friendly solutions with high potential for biofilm management and infection control.
The emergence of biofilm-induced drug tolerance poses a critical challenge to public healthcare management. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram-negative opportunistic bacterium, is involved in various biofilm-associated infections in human hosts. Towards this direction, in the present study, a combinatorial approach has been explored as it is a demonstrably effective strategy for managing microbial infections. Thus, P. aeruginosa has been treated with cuminaldehyde (a naturally occurring phytochemical) and gentamicin (an aminoglycoside antibiotic) in connection to the effective management of the biofilm challenges. It was also observed that the test molecules could show increased antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa. A fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of 0.65 suggested an additive interaction between cuminaldehyde and gentamicin. Besides, a series of experiments such as crystal violet assay, estimation of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), and microscopic images indicated that an enhanced antibiofilm activity was obtained when the selected compounds were applied together on P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, the combination of the selected compounds was found to reduce the secretion of virulence factors from P. aeruginosa. Taken together, this study suggested that the combinatorial application of cuminaldehyde and gentamicin could be considered an effective approach towards the control of biofilm-linked infections caused by P. aeruginosa.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky * farmakologie MeSH
- benzaldehydy * farmakologie MeSH
- biofilmy * účinky léků MeSH
- cymeny farmakologie MeSH
- faktory virulence MeSH
- gentamiciny * farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti * MeSH
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa * účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- synergismus léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Environmental pollution is a serious problem that can cause sicknesses, fatality, and biological contaminants such as bacteria, which can trigger allergic reactions and infectious illnesses. There is also evidence that environmental pollutants can have an impact on the gut microbiome and contribute to the development of various mental health and metabolic disorders. This study aimed to study the antibiotic resistance and virulence potential of environmental Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) isolates in slaughterhouses. A total of 100 samples were collected from different slaughterhouse tools. The samples were identified by cultural and biochemical tests and confirmed by the VITEK 2 system. P. aeruginosa isolates were further confirmed by CHROMagarTM Pseudomonas and genetically by rpsL gene analysis. Molecular screening of virulence genes (fimH, papC, lasB, rhlI, lasI, csgA, toxA, and hly) and antibiotic resistance genes (blaCTX-M, blaAmpC, blaSHV, blaNDM, IMP-1, aac(6')-Ib-, ant(4')IIb, mexY, TEM, tetA, and qnrB) by PCR and testing the antibiotic sensitivity, biofilm formation, and production of pigments, and hemolysin were carried out in all isolated strains. A total of 62 isolates were identified as P. aeruginosa. All P. aeruginosa isolates were multidrug-resistant and most of them have multiple resistant genes. blaCTX-M gene was detected in all strains; 23 (37.1%) strains have the ability for biofilm formation, 33 strains had virulence genes, and 26 isolates from them have more than one virulence genes. There should be probably 60 (96.8%) P. aeruginosa strains that produce pyocyanin pigment. Slaughterhouse tools are sources for multidrug-resistant and virulent pathogenic microorganisms which are a serious health problem. Low-hygienic slaughterhouses could be a reservoir for resistance and virulence genes which could then be transferred to other pathogens.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky * farmakologie MeSH
- bakteriální léková rezistence genetika MeSH
- biofilmy účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- faktory virulence * genetika MeSH
- jatka * MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti * MeSH
- mikrobiologie životního prostředí MeSH
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa * genetika účinky léků patogenita izolace a purifikace MeSH
- virulence genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Gram-positive bacteria are responsible for a wide range of infections in humans. In most Gram-positive bacteria, sortase A plays a significant role in attaching virulence factors to the bacteria's cell wall. These cell surface proteins play a significant role in virulence and pathogenesis. Even though antibiotics are available to treat these infections, there is a continuous search for an alternative strategy due to an increase in antibiotic resistance. Thus, using anti-sortase drugs to combat these bacterial infections may be a promising approach. Here, we describe a method for targeting Gram-positive bacterial infection by combining curcumin and trans-chalcone as sortase A inhibitors. We have used curcumin and trans-chalcone alone and in combination as a sortase A inhibitor. We have seen ~78%, ~43%, and ~94% inhibition when treated with curcumin, trans-chalcone, and a combination of both compounds, respectively. The compounds have also shown a significant effect on biofilm formation, IgG binding, protein A recruitment, and IgG deposition. We discovered that combining curcumin and trans-chalcone is more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than either compound alone. The present work demonstrated that a combination of these natural compounds could be used as an antivirulence therapy against Gram-positive bacterial infection.
- MeSH
- aminoacyltransferasy * antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus MeSH
- antibakteriální látky * farmakologie chemie MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny * metabolismus antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- biofilmy * účinky léků MeSH
- chalkon * farmakologie chemie MeSH
- cysteinové endopeptidasy * metabolismus MeSH
- faktory virulence metabolismus MeSH
- grampozitivní bakteriální infekce farmakoterapie mikrobiologie MeSH
- grampozitivní bakterie účinky léků MeSH
- kurkumin * farmakologie chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- virulence účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
