Based on a long-term experiment in Prague, established in 1954, we analyzed the effect of weather and seven fertilization treatments (mineral and manure treatments) on winter wheat grain yield (GY) and stability. In total, 23 seasons were analyzed, where a wheat crop followed a summer crop of potatoes. A regression analysis showed that, since the experiment started, there has been a significant increase in the annual daily maximum, average, and minimum temperature of 0.5 °C, and an increase in annual rainfall of 0.3 mm. Grain yield was positively associated with April precipitation, mean daily temperature in October, and daily maximum temperature in February. Yields were most stable between years with two fertilizer treatments that supplied a mean of 47 kg N ha-1yr-1, 54 kg P ha-1yr-1, and 108 kg K ha-1yr-1. The rate of N at which grain yield was optimized was determined according to the linear-plateau (LP) and quadratic response models as 44 kg N ha-1yr-1 for the long-strawed varieties and 87 kg N ha-1yr-1for short-strawed varieties. A gradual increase in yields was observed in all treatments, including the unfertilized control, which was attributed to improved varieties rather than to a changing climate.
- Klíčová slova
- Triticum aestivum L., climate change, farmyard manure, mineral fertilizers, non-linear response models, precipitation, temperature,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Increasing the efficiency of nitrogen use (NUE) from mineral fertilizers is one of the most important priorities of modern agriculture. The objectives of the present study were to assess the role of different nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) rates on maize grain yield (GY), crop residue biomass, NUE indices, N concentration in plants during the growing season, N management indices and to select the most suitable set of NUE indicators. The following factors were tested: band application of di-ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulphate mixture (NPS fertilizer at rates 0, 8.7, 17.4, 26.2 kg ha-1 of P) and different total N rates (0, 60, 120, 180 kg ha-1 of N). In each year of the study, a clear trend of increased GY after NP(S) band application was observed. A particularly positive influence of that factor was confirmed at the lowest level of N fertilization. On average, the highest GY values were obtained for N2P3 and N3P1 treatments. The total N uptake and NUE indices also increased after the band application. In addition, a trend of improved N remobilization efficiency and the N contribution of remobilized N to grain as a result of band application of NP(S) was observed. Among various NUE indices, internal N utilization efficiency (IE) exhibited the strongest, yet negative, correlation with GY, whereas IE was a function of the N harvest index.
- Klíčová slova
- agronomic efficiency, nitrogen gap, nitrogen remobilization efficiency, partial factor productivity, plant nutrient diagnosis, starter fertilization,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Concentration of trace metals (TMs) is one of the most crucial factors determining the quality of cereal grains. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of digestate, manure, and NPK fertilization on TM concentration in grains and straw of two cereal crops-winter wheat (WW) and spring barley (SB)-and TM transfer from soil to plants. The experiment was carried out between 2012 and 2016. Every year, the same treatment was used on each plot: control (without fertilization), digestate, digestate + straw, cattle slurry, and mineral NPK fertilization. In general, fertilization increased the concentration of TMs that belong to the micronutrient group (Zn, Cu, Fe), particularly after application of digestate and cattle slurry. At the same time, fertilization, regardless of the fertilizer type, led to an increase in Cd concentration in the grain of WW in comparison with the control. Despite the increase in Cd and micronutrient content as a result of fertilization, the concentration of elements remained below the applicable standards. Among TMs, only Pb content exceeded the European Union limits. The increased concentration of Pb was, however, an effect of other factors, rather than fertilization. The results clearly indicated that the biogas digestate from anaerobic codigestion of cattle slurry and agricultural residue could be utilized as fertilizer in agricultural applications without a risk of contaminating the food chain with TMs.
- Klíčová slova
- Bioconcentration factors, Cattle slurry, Contamination, Digestate, Mineral fertilizer, Trace elements,
- MeSH
- hnůj MeSH
- ječmen (rod) * metabolismus MeSH
- kovy chemie MeSH
- minerály chemie metabolismus MeSH
- průmyslová hnojiva * MeSH
- pšenice metabolismus MeSH
- půda MeSH
- skot MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- skot MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- hnůj MeSH
- kovy MeSH
- minerály MeSH
- průmyslová hnojiva * MeSH
- půda MeSH
