This review paper focuses on the recent advancements in the large-scale and laboratory-scale isolation, modification, and characterization of novel starches from accessible botanical sources and food wastes. When creating a new starch product, one should consider the different physicochemical changes that may occur. These changes include the course of gelatinization, the formation of starch-lipids and starch-protein complexes, and the origin of resistant starch (RS). This paper informs about the properties of individual starches, including their chemical structure, the size and crystallinity of starch granules, their thermal and pasting properties, their swelling power, and their digestibility; in particular, small starch granules showed unique properties. They can be utilized as fat substitutes in frozen desserts or mayonnaises, in custard due to their smooth texture, in non-food applications in biodegradable plastics, or as adsorbents. The low onset temperature of gelatinization (detected by DSC in acorn starch) is associated with the costs of the industrial processes in terms of energy and time. Starch plays a crucial role in the food industry as a thickening agent. Starches obtained from ulluco, winter squash, bean, pumpkin, quinoa, and sweet potato demonstrate a high peak viscosity (PV), while waxy rice and ginger starches have a low PV. The other analytical methods in the paper include laser diffraction, X-ray diffraction, FTIR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopies. Native, "clean-label" starches from new sources could replace chemically modified starches due to their properties being similar to common commercially modified ones. Human populations, especially in developed countries, suffer from obesity and civilization diseases, a reduction in which would be possible with the help of low-digestible starches. Starch with a high RS content was discovered in gelatinized lily (>50%) and unripe plantains (>25%), while cooked lily starch retained low levels of rapidly digestible starch (20%). Starch from gorgon nut processed at high temperatures has a high proportion of slowly digestible starch. Therefore, one can include these types of starches in a nutritious diet. Interesting industrial materials based on non-traditional starches include biodegradable composites, edible films, and nanomaterials.
- Klíčová slova
- amylose–lipid complexes, edible films, granule size, nanomaterials, resistant starch, starch analyses, temperature of gelatinization,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
In 2022, the International Council for Harmonisation released draft guidelines Q2(R2) and Q14, intending to specify the development and validation activities that should be carried out during the lifespan of an analytical technique addressed to assess the quality of medicinal products. In the present study, these recommendations were implemented in Capillary Electrophoresis method development for the quality control of a drug product containing trimecaine, by applying Analytical Quality by Design. According to the Analytical Target Profile, the procedure should be able to simultaneously quantify trimecaine and its four impurities, with specified analytical performances. The selected operative mode was Micellar ElectroKinetic Chromatography employing sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles supplemented with dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin, in a phosphate-borate buffer. The Knowledge Space was investigated through a screening matrix encompassing the composition of the background electrolyte and the instrumental settings. The Critical Method Attributes were identified as analysis time, efficiency, and critical resolution values. Response Surface Methodology and Monte Carlo Simulations allowed the definition of the Method Operable Design Region: 21-26 mM phosphate-borate buffer pH 9.50-9.77; 65.0 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate; 0.25-1.29% v/v n-butanol; 21-26 mM dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin; temperature, 22 °C; voltage, 23-29 kV. The method was validated and applied to ampoules drug products.
- Klíčová slova
- capillary electrophoresis, experimental design, impurities, method operable design region, quality by design, trimecaine,
- MeSH
- boritany MeSH
- chromatografie micelární elektrokinetická kapilární * metody MeSH
- cyklodextriny * chemie MeSH
- dodecylsíran sodný MeSH
- micely MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- trimekain MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- boritany MeSH
- cyklodextriny * MeSH
- dodecylsíran sodný MeSH
- micely MeSH
- trimekain MeSH
Despite intense research in the field of aqueous organic redox flow batteries, low molecular stability of electroactive compounds limits further commercialization. Additionally, currently used methods typically cannot differentiate between individual capacity fade mechanisms, such as degradation of electroactive compound and its cross-over through the membrane. We present a more complex method for in situ evaluation of (electro)chemical stability of electrolytes using a flow electrolyser and a double half-cell including permeation measurements of electrolyte cross-over through a membrane by a UV-VIS spectrometer. The method is employed to study (electro)chemical stability of acidic negolyte based on an anthraquinone sulfonation mixture containing mainly 2,6- and 2,7-anthraquinone disulfonic acid isomers, which can be directly used as an RFB negolyte. The effect of electrolyte state of charge (SoC), current load and operating temperature on electrolyte stability is tested. The results show enhanced capacity decay for fully charged electrolyte (0.9 and 2.45% per day at 20 °C and 40 °C, respectively) while very good stability is observed at 50% SoC and lower, even at 40 °C and under current load (0.02% per day). HPLC analysis conformed deep degradation of AQ derivatives connected with the loss of aromaticity. The developed method can be adopted for stability evaluation of electrolytes of various organic and inorganic RFB chemistries.
- Klíčová slova
- anthraquinone disulfonic acid, aqueous organic electrolyte, capacity decay, electrolyte cross-over, redox flow battery,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
