This review summarizes the available information about potential sources of vitamin B12, especially for people who follow a vegan or vegetarian diet and inhabitants of poor countries in the developing world. Cyanobacteria and microalgae approved for food purposes can play a critical role as promising and innovative sources of this vitamin. This work involves a discussion of whether the form of vitamin B12 extracted from microalgae/cyanobacteria is biologically available to humans, specifically focusing on the genera Arthrospira and Chlorella. It describes analyses of their biomass composition, cultivation requirements, and genetic properties in B12 production. Furthermore, this review discusses the function of cobalamin in microalgae and cyanobacteria themselves and the possibility of modification and cocultivation to increase the content of B12 in their biomass.

• Klíčová slova
• Arthrospira, B12, Chlorella, cobalamin, cyanobacteria, green microalgae,
• MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• Chlorella * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrořasy * MeSH
• sinice * MeSH
• vitamin B 12 analýza   MeSH
• vitaminy MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• vitamin B 12 MeSH
• vitaminy MeSH

Arthrospira (Limnospira) maxima (A. maxima) and Chlorella vulgaris (Ch. vulgaris) are among the approved microalgae and cyanobacteria (MaC) in the food industry that are known to be safe for consumption. However, both organisms are controversial regarding their vitamin B12 content, due to the possible occurrence of pseudo-cobalamin. Concurrently, their nutrition profiles remain understudied. The main purpose of the present study was to identify their nutrition profiles, focusing mainly on vitamin B12, amino acids, and micronutrients under iron-induced hormesis (10 mg/L Fe in treated samples). Our findings indicate a higher B12 content in A. maxima compared to Ch. vulgaris (both control and treated samples). Using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the cyanocobalamin content was determined as 0.42 ± 0.09 μg/g dried weight (DW) in the A. maxima control and 0.55 ± 0.02 μg/g DW in treated A. maxima, resulting in an insignificant difference. In addition, the iron-enriched medium increased the amount of iron in both tested biomasses (p < 0.01). However, a more pronounced (approximately 100×) boost was observed in Ch. vulgaris, indicating a better absorption capacity (control Ch. vulgaris 0.16 ± 0.01 mg/g Fe, treated Ch. vulgaris 15.40 ± 0.34 mg/g Fe). Additionally, Ch. vulgaris also showed a higher micronutrient content. Using both tested microalgae, meeting the sufficient recommended daily mineral allowance for an adult is possible. By combining biomass from A. maxima and Ch. vulgaris in a ratio of 6:1, we can fulfill the recommended daily allowance of vitamin B12 and iron by consuming 6 tablets/6 g. Importantly, iron hormesis stimulated amino acid composition in both organisms. The profile of amino acids may suggest these biomasses as promising potential nutrition sources.

• Klíčová slova
• Amino acids, Anemia, Cobalamin, Cyanobacteria, Deficiency, Iron, Microalgae,
• MeSH
• aminokyseliny * metabolismus   analýza   MeSH
• Chlorella vulgaris * chemie   metabolismus   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• mikrořasy chemie   metabolismus   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• mikroživiny * analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• nutriční hodnota MeSH
• Spirulina * chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• vitamin B 12 * metabolismus   analýza   MeSH
• železo metabolismus   analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aminokyseliny * MeSH
• mikroživiny * MeSH
• vitamin B 12 * MeSH
• železo MeSH

Atopic dermatitis, also known as atopic eczema, is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by red pruritic skin lesions, xerosis, ichthyosis, and skin pain. Among the social impacts of atopic dermatitis are difficulties and detachment in relationships and social stigmatization. Additionally, atopic dermatitis is known to cause sleep disturbance, anxiety, hyperactivity, and depression. Although the pathological process behind atopic dermatitis is not fully known, it appears to be a combination of epidermal barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation. Skin is the largest organ of the human body which acts as a mechanical barrier to toxins and UV light and a natural barrier against water loss. Both functions face significant challenges due to atopic dermatitis. The list of factors that can potentially trigger or contribute to atopic dermatitis is extensive, ranging from genetic factors, family history, dietary choices, immune triggers, and environmental factors. Consequently, prevention, early clinical diagnosis, and effective treatment may be the only resolutions to combat this burdensome disease. Ensuring safe and targeted drug delivery to the skin layers, without reaching the systemic circulation is a promising option raised by nano-delivery systems in dermatology. In this review, we explored the current understanding and approaches of atopic dermatitis and outlined a range of the most recent therapeutics and dosage forms brought by nanotechnology. This review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases.

• Klíčová slova
• Th Lymphocytes, atopic dermatitis, epidermal barrier dysfunction, filaggrin gene mutations, immune dysregulation, nano-delivery systems, nano-dermatology, skin immunology,
• MeSH
• atopická dermatitida * diagnóza   etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• epidermis patologie   MeSH
• kůže MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• úzkost MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Two-dimensional materials have recently gained significant awareness. A representative of such materials, black phosphorous (BP), earned attention based on its comprehensive application potential. The presented study focuses on the mode of cellular response underlying the BP interaction with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as an algal model organism. We observed noticeable ROS formation and changes in outer cellular topology after 72 h of incubation at 5 mg/L BP. Transcriptome profiling was employed to examine C. reinhardtii response after exposure to 25 mg/L BP for a deeper understanding of the associated processes. The RNA sequencing has revealed a comprehensive response with abundant transcript downregulation. The mode of action was attributed to cell wall disruption, ROS elevation, and chloroplast disturbance. Besides many other dysregulated genes, the cell response involved the downregulation of GH9 and gametolysin within a cell wall, pointing to a shift to discrete manipulation with resources. The response also included altered expression of the PRDA1 gene associated with redox governance in chloroplasts implying ROS disharmony. Altered expression of the Cre-miR906-3p, Cre-miR910, and Cre-miR914 pointed to those as potential markers in stress response studies.

• Klíčová slova
• 2D material, BP, Cre-miR910, Cre-miR914, MiRNAs Cre-miR906–3p, RNAseq, Toxicity,
• MeSH
• Chlamydomonas reinhardtii * metabolismus   MeSH
• chloroplasty genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• fosfor metabolismus   MeSH
• pochopení MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• transkriptom MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fosfor MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku MeSH

Over decades, synthetic dyes have become increasingly dominated by azo dyes posing a significant environmental risk due to their toxicity. Microalgae-based systems may offer an alternative for treatment of azo dye effluents to conventional physical-chemical methods. Here, microalgae were tested to decolorize industrial azo dye wastewater (ADW). Chlorella sorokiniana showed the highest decolorization efficiency in a preliminary screening test. Subsequently, the optimization of the experimental design resulted in 70% decolorization in a photobioreactor. Tolerance of this strain was evidenced using multiple approaches (growth and chlorophyll content assays, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and antioxidant level measurements). Raman microspectroscopy was employed for the quantification of ADW-specific compounds accumulated by the microalgal biomass. Finally, RNA-seq revealed the transcriptome profile of C. sorokiniana exposed to ADW for 72 h. Activated DNA repair and primary metabolism provided sufficient energy for microalgal growth to overcome the adverse toxic conditions. Furthermore, several transporter genes, oxidoreductases-, and glycosyltransferases-encoding genes were upregulated to effectively sequestrate and detoxify the ADW. This work demonstrates the potential utilization of C. sorokiniana as a tolerant strain for industrial wastewater treatment, emphasizing the regulation of its molecular mechanisms to cope with unfavorable growth conditions.

• Klíčová slova
• Bioremediation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Microalgae, Pigment, RNA-seq, Raman micro-spectroscopy,
• MeSH
• azosloučeniny MeSH
• barvicí látky toxicita   MeSH
• Chlorella * genetika   MeSH
• dekolorizace vody * MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• azosloučeniny MeSH
• barvicí látky MeSH

Microalgae and cyanobacteria are among the most important primary producers and are responsible for the production of 50-80% of the oxygen on Earth. They can be significantly affected by plastic pollution, as the vast majority of plastic waste ends up in rivers and then the oceans. This research focuses on green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris), Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii), filamentous cyanobacterium Limnospira (Arthrospira) maxima (L.(A.) maxima) and how they are affected by environmentally relevant PET-MPs (polyethylene-terephtalate microplastics). Manufactured PET-MPs have asymmetric shape, size between 3 and 7 μm and were used in concentrations ranging from 5 mg/L to 80 mg/L. The highest inhibitory rate of growth was found in C. reinhardtii (-24%). Concentration-dependent changes in chlorophyll a composition were found in C. vulgaris and C. reinhardtii, not in L. (A.) maxima. Furthermore, cell damage was detected in all three organisms by CRYO-SEM (shriveling, cell wall disruption), but the cyanobacterium was the least damaged. A PET-fingerprint was detected on the surface of all tested organisms using FTIR, indicating the adherence of PET-MPs. The highest rate of PET-MPs adsorption was detected in L. (A.) maxima. Specifically, characteristic spectra were observed at ∼721, 850, 1100, 1275, 1342, and 1715 cm-1 which are specific for functional groups of PET-MPs. Nitrogen and carbon content significantly increased in L. (A.) maxima under exposure to 80 mg/L due to the PET-MPs adherence and mechanical stress. In all three tested organisms, weak exposure-related ROS generation was detected. In general, cyanobacteria seem to be more resistant to the effects of MPs. However, organisms in the aquatic environment are exposed to MPs over a longer time scale, so it is important to use the present findings for further longer-term experiments on environmentally relevant organisms.

• Klíčová slova
• C. reinhardtii, C. vulgaris, L. (A.) maxima, Microalgae, Microplastic synthesis, Microplastics, Stress, Toxicity, Water pollution,
• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * analýza   MeSH
• Chlorella vulgaris * MeSH
• chlorofyl a MeSH
• mikroplasty toxicita   MeSH
• mikrořasy * MeSH
• plastické hmoty toxicita   MeSH
• sinice * MeSH
• sladká voda MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * MeSH
• chlorofyl a MeSH
• mikroplasty MeSH
• plastické hmoty MeSH

Plastic pollution poses a serious risk to the oceans, freshwater ecosystems, and land-based agricultural production. Most plastic waste enters rivers and then reaches the oceans, where its fragmentation process begins and the forming of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs). These particles increase their toxicity by the exposition to external factors and binding environmental pollutants, including toxins, heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), halogenated hydrocarbons (HHCs), and other chemicals, which further and cumulatively increase the toxicity of these particles. A major disadvantage of many MNPs in vitro studies is that they do not use environmentally relevant microorganisms, which play a vital role in geobiochemical cycles. In addition, factors such as the polymer type, shapes, and sizes of the MPs and NPs, their exposure times and concentrations must be taken into account in in vitro experiments. Last but not least, it is important to ask whether to use aged particles with bound pollutants. All these factors affect the predicted effects of these particles on living systems, which may not be realistic if they are insufficiently considered. In this article, we summarize the latest findings on MNPs in the environment and propose some recommendations for future in vitro experiments on bacteria, cyanobacteria, and microalgae in water ecosystems.

• Klíčová slova
• Microplastic, Nanoplastic, Ocean pollution, Toxicity,
• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * toxicita   analýza   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• mikroplasty * toxicita   MeSH
• plastické hmoty toxicita   MeSH
• voda MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * MeSH
• mikroplasty * MeSH
• plastické hmoty MeSH
• voda MeSH

Graphene oxides (GOs) and their reduced forms are often discussed both positively and negatively due to the lack of information about their chemistry and structure. This study utilized GOs with two sheet sizes that were further reduced by two reducing agents (sodium borohydride and hydrazine) to obtain two different degrees of reduction. The synthesized nanomaterials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), elemental analysis (EA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy (RA) to understand their chemistry and structure. The second focus of our investigation included in vitro testing of the biocompatibility/toxicity of these materials on a model organism, the freshwater microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The effects were studied on the basis of biological endpoints complemented by biomass investigation (FTIR spectroscopy, EA, and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS)). The results showed that the biocompatibility/toxicity of GOs is dependent on their chemistry and structure and that it is impossible to generalize the toxicity of graphene-based nanomaterials.

• Klíčová slova
• Biocompatibility, Chlamydomonas, Graphene oxide, Microalgae, Reduction, Toxicity,
• MeSH
• Chlamydomonas reinhardtii * MeSH
• grafit * toxicita   MeSH
• nanostruktury * MeSH
• oxidy toxicita   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• grafit * MeSH
• graphene oxide MeSH Prohlížeč
• oxidy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Patients with Sjögren's syndrome, like other patients with autoimmune disorders, display dysregulation in the function of their immune system. Fas and Fas Ligand (FasL) are among the dysregulated proteins. METHODS: We studied Fas and FasL on IL-2Rα+ cells and in serum of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (n = 16) and healthy individuals (n = 16); both from same ethnic and geographical background. We used flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent for this purpose. We also measured the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and percentage of apoptotic and dead cells using Annexin V and 7-AAD staining in lymphocytes. RESULTS: FasL was increased in patients' T and B cells while Fas was increased in patients' monocytes, T and B cells. No signs of increased apoptosis were found. sFas and sFasL in patients' serum were increased, although the increase in sFasL was not significant. We suspect an effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy on B cells, explaining the decrease of the percentage Fas+ B cells found within our samples. In healthy individuals, there was a noticeable pattern in the expression of FasL which mutually correlated to populations of mononuclear cells; this correlation was absent in the patients with Sjögren's syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Mononuclear cells expressing IL-2Rα+ had upregulated Fas in Sjögren's syndrome. However, the rate of apoptosis based on Annexin V staining and the Bcl-2/Bax expression was not observed in mononuclear cells. We suspect a functional role of abnormal levels of Fas and FasL which has not been cleared yet.

• Klíčová slova
• Autoimmune disorders, B cells, CD95, CD95L, Fas, Fas Ligand, Monocytes, NSAIDs, Sjögren’s syndrome, T cells,
• MeSH
• annexin A5 MeSH
• antigeny CD95 metabolismus   MeSH
• apoptóza MeSH
• autoimunitní nemoci * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• protein X asociovaný s bcl-2 metabolismus   MeSH
• receptor interleukinu-2 - alfa-podjednotka metabolismus   MeSH
• Sjögrenův syndrom * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• annexin A5 MeSH
• antigeny CD95 MeSH
• protein X asociovaný s bcl-2 MeSH
• receptor interleukinu-2 - alfa-podjednotka MeSH

Proficient photosynthetic microalgae/cyanobacteria produce a remarkable amount of various biomolecules. Secondary metabolites (SM) represent high value products for global biotrend application. Production improvement can be achieved by nutritional, environmental, and physiological stress as a first line tools for their stimulation. In recent decade, an increasing interest in algal stress biology and omics techniques have deepened knowledge in this area. However, deep understanding and connection of specific stress elucidator are missing. Hence, the present review summarizes recent evidence with an emphasis on the carotenoids, phenolic, and less-discussed compounds (glycerol, proline, mycosporins-like amino acids). Even when they are synthesized at very low concentrations, it highlights the need to expand knowledge in this area using genome-editing tools and omics approaches.

• Klíčová slova
• Abiotic stress, Cyanobacteria, Gene editing tools, Omics approaches, Secondary metabolites, Unicellular algae,
• MeSH
• fyziologický stres MeSH
• karotenoidy metabolismus   MeSH
• mikrořasy * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• karotenoidy MeSH