Arthrospira (Limnospira) maxima (A. maxima) and Chlorella vulgaris (Ch. vulgaris) are among the approved microalgae and cyanobacteria (MaC) in the food industry that are known to be safe for consumption. However, both organisms are controversial regarding their vitamin B12 content, due to the possible occurrence of pseudo-cobalamin. Concurrently, their nutrition profiles remain understudied. The main purpose of the present study was to identify their nutrition profiles, focusing mainly on vitamin B12, amino acids, and micronutrients under iron-induced hormesis (10 mg/L Fe in treated samples). Our findings indicate a higher B12 content in A. maxima compared to Ch. vulgaris (both control and treated samples). Using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the cyanocobalamin content was determined as 0.42 ± 0.09 μg/g dried weight (DW) in the A. maxima control and 0.55 ± 0.02 μg/g DW in treated A. maxima, resulting in an insignificant difference. In addition, the iron-enriched medium increased the amount of iron in both tested biomasses (p < 0.01). However, a more pronounced (approximately 100×) boost was observed in Ch. vulgaris, indicating a better absorption capacity (control Ch. vulgaris 0.16 ± 0.01 mg/g Fe, treated Ch. vulgaris 15.40 ± 0.34 mg/g Fe). Additionally, Ch. vulgaris also showed a higher micronutrient content. Using both tested microalgae, meeting the sufficient recommended daily mineral allowance for an adult is possible. By combining biomass from A. maxima and Ch. vulgaris in a ratio of 6:1, we can fulfill the recommended daily allowance of vitamin B12 and iron by consuming 6 tablets/6 g. Importantly, iron hormesis stimulated amino acid composition in both organisms. The profile of amino acids may suggest these biomasses as promising potential nutrition sources.

• Klíčová slova
• Amino acids, Anemia, Cobalamin, Cyanobacteria, Deficiency, Iron, Microalgae,
• MeSH
• aminokyseliny * metabolismus   analýza   MeSH
• Chlorella vulgaris * chemie   metabolismus   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• mikrořasy chemie   metabolismus   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• mikroživiny * analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• nutriční hodnota MeSH
• Spirulina * chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• vitamin B 12 * metabolismus   analýza   MeSH
• železo metabolismus   analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aminokyseliny * MeSH
• mikroživiny * MeSH
• vitamin B 12 * MeSH
• železo MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Desalination of cheese whey by electrodialysis yields saline wastewater (SWW). The goal was to test this as the basis of a culture medium and to prove experimentally the concept that it was a suitable resource for heterotrophic cultivation of the freshwater green microalga Chlorella vulgaris. RESULTS: Optimization of glucose concentration, nitrogen source and medium salinity for microalgal growth was first carried out in defined medium (DM) and shake flasks. These results were then adopted in shake flask cultivation experiments using pre-treated SWW medium (PSWW). Subsequently, microalgal growth under optimized conditions was tested in bioreactors. Various media such as DM, PSWW and diluted PSWW (DPSWW) were compared. Volumetric biomass productivities decreased in the order DM (0.371 g L-1 h-1, urea) > DPSWW (0.315 g L-1 h-1, soy peptone) > PSWW (0.152 g L-1 h-1, soy peptone). Although biomass productivities in DPSWW and PSWW media were significantly lower than in DM, these media required the addition of only 66 and 33% of DM N sources, respectively. No other added DM component was necessary in (D)PSWW to achieve microalgal growth. CONCLUSIONS: Although the optimized cultivation of freshwater microalgae on alternative medium based on SWW resulted in biomass productivities lower than those on DM, the required addition of N sources was also lower. Potentially lower production costs of Chlorella biomass and the meaningful use of SWW are the main outcomes of this work.

• Klíčová slova
• Biomass, Bioreactor, Chlorella vulgaris, Cultivation, Saline waste water,
• MeSH
• Chlorella vulgaris růst a vývoj   MeSH
• heterotrofní procesy MeSH
• kultivační média chemie   MeSH
• odpadní voda chemie   MeSH
• salinita MeSH
• sýr MeSH
• syrovátka chemie   MeSH
• techniky vsádkové kultivace MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kultivační média MeSH
• odpadní voda MeSH

Chlorella and Stichococcus are morphologically simple airborne microalgae, omnipresent in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The minute cell size and resistance against environmental stress facilitate their long-distance dispersal. However, the actual distribution of Chlorella- and Stichococcus-like species has so far been inferred only from ambiguous morphology-based evidence. Here we contribute a phylogenetic analysis of an expanded SSU and ITS2 rDNA sequence dataset representing Chlorella- and Stichococcus-like species from terrestrial habitats of polar, temperate and tropical regions. We aim to uncover biogeographical patterns at low taxonomic levels. We found that psychrotolerant strains of Chlorella and Stichococcus are closely related with strains originating from the temperate zone. Species closely related to Chlorella vulgaris and Muriella terrestris, and recovered from extreme terrestrial environments of polar regions and hot deserts, are particularly widespread. Stichococcus strains from the temperate zone, with their closest relatives in the tropics, differ from strains with the closest relatives being from the polar regions. Our data suggest that terrestrial Chlorella and Stichococcus might be capable of intercontinental dispersal; however, their actual distributions exhibit biogeographical patterns.

• Klíčová slova
• Chlorella, SSU/ITS2, Stichococcus, biogeography, green algae, polar strains,
• MeSH
• biofilmy klasifikace   MeSH
• Chlorella vulgaris klasifikace   genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Chlorophyta klasifikace   genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• fylogeografie MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• studené klima * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Antarktida MeSH
• Arktida MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA MeSH

One of the key bottlenecks of the economically viable production of low added value microalgal products (food supplements, feed, biofuels) is the harvesting of cells from diluted culture medium. The main goals of this work were to prepare a novel flocculation agent based on spent brewer's yeast, a brewery by-product, and to test its harvesting efficiency on freshwater Chlorella vulgaris in different environments. The yeast was first autolyzed/hydrolyzed and subsequently chemically modified with 2-chloro-N,N-diethylethylamine hydrochloride (DEAE). Second, optimal dosage of modified spent yeast (MSY) flocculant for harvesting C. vulgaris was determined in culture media of various compositions. It was found that the absence of phosphorus ions decreased (0.4 mg MSY/g biomass), while the presence of algogenic organic matter (AOM) increased (51 mg MSY/g biomass) the required dosage of flocculant as compared to complete mineral medium with phosphorus and without AOM (12 mg MSY/g biomass).

• Klíčová slova
• Chlorella, Flocculation, Microalgae harvesting, Spent brewer’s yeast, Surface modification,
• MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• Chlorella vulgaris růst a vývoj   MeSH
• flokulace MeSH
• fotoelektronová spektroskopie MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• kultivační média chemie   MeSH
• organické látky chemie   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolismus   MeSH
• sladká voda * MeSH
• statická elektřina MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kultivační média MeSH
• organické látky MeSH

A flue gas originating from a municipal waste incinerator was used as a source of CO(2) for the cultivation of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris, in order to decrease the biomass production costs and to bioremediate CO(2) simultaneously. The utilization of the flue gas containing 10-13% (v/v) CO(2) and 8-10% (v/v) O(2) for the photobioreactor agitation and CO(2) supply was proven to be convenient. The growth rate of algal cultures on the flue gas was even higher when compared with the control culture supplied by a mixture of pure CO(2) and air (11% (v/v) CO(2)). Correspondingly, the CO(2) fixation rate was also higher when using the flue gas (4.4 g CO(2) l(-1) 24 h(-1)) than using the control gas (3.0 g CO(2) l(-1) 24 h(-1)). The toxicological analysis of the biomass produced using untreated flue gas showed only a slight excess of mercury while all the other compounds (other heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls) were below the limits required by the European Union foodstuff legislation. Fortunately, extending the flue gas treatment prior to the cultivation unit by a simple granulated activated carbon column led to an efficient absorption of gaseous mercury and to the algal biomass composition compliant with all the foodstuff legislation requirements.

• MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• biomasa * MeSH
• bioreaktory MeSH
• biotechnologie ekonomika   MeSH
• Chlorella vulgaris chemie   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• oxid uhličitý metabolismus   MeSH
• plyny chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• oxid uhličitý MeSH
• plyny MeSH

Batch cultures of Chlorella vulgaris and C. variegata reproducing about twice every 5 d within 0-15 d had vegetative cells and autospore mother cells in the ratio of about 19 : 1. Continuous slow or negligible and/or no growth in > 15-d-old control cultures or in young cultures supplied with the antibiotics streptomycin, penicillin, amoxycillin (10-1000 ppm) or tetracycline (10, 100 ppm), and pesticides carbofuran, gammaxine, moticop or iralon (1-100 ppm) was due to slow autospore mother cells dehiscence (leading to an increase in their percentage); while negligible and/or no growth of both algal species in sewage water (100, 25%), detergent (0.1-1%), petrol or kerosene (5-20 %), benzene, toluene or phenol (5, 10%) and pesticides rogor or endosulfan (1, 10 ppm) was due to vegetative cells failure to differentiate into auto-spore mother cells (leading to decreased/zero autospore mother cells percentage) and/or rapid death of all cells. C. variegata was equally or slightly more sensitive to different chemical stress than C. vulgaris.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Chlorella vulgaris účinky léků   růst a vývoj   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• detergenty farmakologie   MeSH
• odpadní vody mikrobiologie   MeSH
• pesticidy farmakologie   MeSH
• ropa MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• detergenty MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH
• pesticidy MeSH
• ropa MeSH