Trehalose and its precursor, trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P), are essential regulators of plant response to abiotic and biotic stress. Here we used the specific host-insect interaction between Linaria vulgaris (Plantaginaceae) and stem-galling weevil, Rhinusa pilosa (Mecinini, Curculionidae) with the aim to distinguish carbohydrate allocation patterns in response to herbivory, gall formation (G1, 24 h after oviposition), and gall development (G2, 7 days after oviposition) under controlled conditions. The hypothesis is that herbivory and galling induce distinct responses in both leaves and stems, and that shifts in carbon allocations are regulated by signaling sugars. Systemic response to herbivory was accumulation of T6P and maltose. The main feature of G1 in the stems was accumulation of trehalose, accompanied by increased T6P, turanose and glucose content, oppositely to the leaves. In G2, galls had 3-folds higher weight than controls, with further accumulation of fructose, glucose, turanose, and total water-insoluble carbohydrates (TIC), while the sucrose/hexose ratio decreased. Analysis of fast chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic (OJIP) transients in G2 showed a slight decrease in quantum yield of electron transport flux from QA to QB, and towards photosystem I acceptor side, correlated with the decreased content of photosynthetic pigments and hexoses accumulation. Redistribution of photosynthates, and accumulation of T6P were induced in response to herbivory, indicating its signaling role. The results support the hypothesis that R. pilosa can induce plant reprogramming towards the accumulation of beneficial carbohydrates in developing gall by mechanisms which include both T6P and trehalose.

• Klíčová slova
• Carbohydrates, Galls, Herbivory, Linaria vulgaris, Rhinusa pilosa, Source-sink interactions, Trehalose 6-phosphate,
• MeSH
• býložravci * MeSH
• chlorofyl metabolismus   MeSH
• fruktosa metabolismus   MeSH
• glukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• Linaria metabolismus   parazitologie   MeSH
• listy rostlin metabolismus   parazitologie   MeSH
• nádory rostlin * parazitologie   MeSH
• nosatcovití MeSH
• stonky rostlin metabolismus   parazitologie   MeSH
• trehalosa metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chlorofyl MeSH
• fruktosa MeSH
• glukosa MeSH
• trehalosa MeSH

Few cases of spontaneously horizontally transferred bacterial genes into plant genomes have been described to date. The occurrence of horizontally transferred genes from the T-DNA of Agrobacterium rhizogenes into the plant genome has been reported in the genus Nicotiana and in the species Linaria vulgaris. Here we compare patterns of evolution in one of these genes (a gene encoding mikimopine synthase, mis) following three different events of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). As this gene plays an important role in Agrobacterium, and there are known cases showing that genes from pathogens can acquire plant protection function, we hypothesised that in at least some of the studied species we will find signs of selective pressures influencing mis sequence. The mikimopine synthase (mis) gene evolved in a different manner in the branch leading to Nicotiana tabacum and N. tomentosiformis, in the branch leading to N. glauca and in the genus Linaria. Our analyses of the genus Linaria suggest that the mis gene began to degenerate soon after the HGT. In contrast, in the case of N. glauca, the mis gene evolved under significant selective pressures. This suggests a possible role of mikimopine synthase in current N. glauca and its ancestor(s). In N. tabacum and N. tomentosiformis, the mis gene has a common frameshift mutation that disrupted its open reading frame. Interestingly, our results suggest that in spite of the frameshift, the mis gene could evolve under selective pressures. This sequence may still have some regulatory role at the RNA level as suggested by coverage of this sequence by small RNAs in N. tabacum.

• MeSH
• Agrobacterium enzymologie   genetika   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny klasifikace   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• imidazoly metabolismus   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu genetika   MeSH
• Linaria genetika   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• oxidoreduktasy působící na CH-NH vazby klasifikace   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• posunová mutace MeSH
• přenos genů horizontální * MeSH
• pyridiny metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese enzymů MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• selekce (genetika) MeSH
• tabák klasifikace   genetika   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• transformace genetická MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• cucumopine MeSH Prohlížeč
• imidazoly MeSH
• opine dehydrogenase, NAD+ MeSH Prohlížeč
• oxidoreduktasy působící na CH-NH vazby MeSH
• pyridiny MeSH

The ability of Linaria vulgaris (Scrophulariaceae) infusion to act as a scavenger of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, reactive oxygen species (superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, hypochlorous acid (HOCl)) and nitric oxide was investigated. The obtained data indicate that the infusion has a good scavenging activity against superoxide radical and is a very potent nitric oxide and DPPH scavenger. In hydroxyl radical assay a pro-oxidant capacity was noticed, especially for concentrations higher than 31.25 microg mL(-1). No effect was found against HOCl. A phytochemical study of this extract was also performed. The HPLC/UV analysis allowed the identification and quantification of eight organic acids (oxalic, aconitic, citric, ketoglutaric, ascorbic, malic, shikimic and fumaric acids). The phenolic composition of the lyophilised infusion was also determined by HPLC/DAD and four compounds were quantified, but, despite its high content, only linarin was managed to be identified.

• MeSH
• bifenylové sloučeniny chemie   MeSH
• fenoly analýza   MeSH
• hydraziny chemie   MeSH
• hydroxylový radikál chemie   MeSH
• kyselina chlorná chemie   MeSH
• kyseliny karboxylové analýza   MeSH
• Linaria chemie   MeSH
• oxid dusnatý chemie   MeSH
• pikráty MeSH
• scavengery volných radikálů analýza   MeSH
• superoxidy chemie   MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl MeSH Prohlížeč
• bifenylové sloučeniny MeSH
• fenoly MeSH
• hydraziny MeSH
• hydroxylový radikál MeSH
• kyselina chlorná MeSH
• kyseliny karboxylové MeSH
• oxid dusnatý MeSH
• pikráty MeSH
• scavengery volných radikálů MeSH
• superoxidy MeSH