Methyl benzimidazole carbamate fungicides, including benomyl, are widely used in agriculture, and to eliminate entomopathogenic infections. We treated queens of Myrmica rubra (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) infected or not by Rickia wasmannii (Laboulbeniales:Laboulbeniaceae) with benomyl, 1mg/ml p.o. for six weeks. Benomyl did not treat the infection, and the treatment alone caused strong decrease in the fecundity of control healthy queens from 18.0±8.4 to 3.7±5.2eggs per healthy queen. This is the first evidence on severe adverse effects of methyl benzimidazole carbamate fungicide on the fecundity of insects, which might be responsible for altered species composition of ant assemblages in the cultural landscape.
- Klíčová slova
- Benlate, Carbendazim, Environmental chemicals, Methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)benzimidazol-2-yl-carbamate, Microgyne, Population dynamics,
- MeSH
- benomyl toxicita MeSH
- fertilita účinky léků MeSH
- Formicidae účinky léků parazitologie MeSH
- průmyslové fungicidy toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- benomyl MeSH
- průmyslové fungicidy MeSH
Application of UV radiation to the strain Trichoderma sp. T-bt (isolated from lignite) resulted in the T-brm mutant which was resistant to the systemic fungicide benomyl. The tub2 gene sequence in the T-brm mutant differed from the parent as well as the collection strain (replacing tyrosine with histidine in the TUB2 protein). Under in vitro conditions this mutant exhibited a higher mycoparasitic activity toward phytopathogenic fungi.
- MeSH
- antifungální látky farmakologie MeSH
- benomyl farmakologie MeSH
- fungální proteiny genetika MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- missense mutace MeSH
- substituce aminokyselin MeSH
- Trichoderma účinky léků fyziologie účinky záření MeSH
- ultrafialové záření MeSH
- virulence MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antifungální látky MeSH
- benomyl MeSH
- fungální proteiny MeSH
Both living and fixed cells of Schizosaccharomyces japonicus var. versatilis showed thread-like mitochondria when studied by phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy. In the interphase cells, mitochondria extended from pole to pole and converged towards the growing tips. The mitochondrial threads did not disrupt but persisted during mitosis and, subsequently, their bundle was split between the two daughter cells by a concentrically growing septum. Mitochondria in the interphase cells were accompanied by cytoplasmic microtubules. These disappeared during mitosis and, instead, spindle microtubules were formed in the nucleus. The cytoplasmic microtubules reappeared after anaphase B, again in coaligment with mitochondria. Protoplasting as well as the action of microtubule inhibitors methyl-1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate (benomyl) and 2-methylbenzimidazole (MBC) resulted in rapid disintegration of microtubules and, suprisingly, also in disruption of mitochondria into small bodies. Removal of the inhibitors or a short regeneration of protoplasts allowed both the cytoplasmic microtubules and the thread-like mitochondria to reaggregate into the original pattern. Cytochalasin D treatment caused a complete disintegration of actin filaments, while the cytoplasmic microtubules and mitochondria remained intact. These findings of a transient close association of mitochondria and microtubules and their relative independence of the arrangement of actin filaments suggest that microtubules, but not actin cables, form supports for positioning or movement of mitochondria along the cylindrical cells. The persistence of mitochondria in the cell centre during mitosis may be accounted for by the fact that disrupted microtubules fail to provide support for mitochondrial movement towards the cell poles.
- MeSH
- benomyl farmakologie MeSH
- benzimidazoly farmakologie MeSH
- buněčný cyklus MeSH
- cytochalasin D farmakologie MeSH
- cytoplazma ultrastruktura MeSH
- kompartmentace buňky MeSH
- mikrotubuly účinky léků ultrastruktura MeSH
- mitochondrie účinky léků ultrastruktura MeSH
- Schizosaccharomyces účinky léků ultrastruktura MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- 2-methylbenzimidazole MeSH Prohlížeč
- benomyl MeSH
- benzimidazoly MeSH
- cytochalasin D MeSH
Meiotic prophase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is characterized by striking nuclear movements and the formation of linear elements along chromosomes instead of tripartite synaptonemal complexes. We analysed the organization of nuclei and microtubules in cells of fission yeasts undergoing sexual differentiation. S. japonicus var. versatilis and S. pombe cells were studied in parallel, taking advantage of the better cytology in S. versatilis. During conjugation, microtubules were directed towards the mating projection. These microtubules seem to lead the haploid nuclei together in the zygote by interaction with the spindle pole bodies at the nuclear periphery. After karyogamy, arrays of microtubules emanating from the spindle pole body of the diploid nucleus extended to both cell poles. The same differentiated microtubule configuration was elaborated upon induction of azygotic meiosis in S. pombe. The cyclic movements of the elongated nuclei between the cell poles is reflected by a dynamic and coordinated shortening and lengthening of the two microtubule arrays. When the nucleus was at a cell end, one array was short while the other bridged the whole cell length. Experiments with inhibitors showed that microtubules are required for karyogamy and for the elongated shape and movement of nuclei during meiotic prophase. In both fission yeasts the SPBs and nucleoli are at the leading ends of the moving nuclei. Astral and cytoplasmic microtubules were also prominent during meiotic divisions and sporulation. We further show that in S. versatilis the linear elements formed during meiotic prophase are similar to those in S. pombe. Tripartite synaptonemal complexes were never detected. Taken together, these findings suggest that S. pombe and S. versatilis share basic characteristics in the organization of microtubules and the structure and behaviour of nuclei during their meiotic cell cycle. The prominent differentiations of microtubules and nuclei may be involved in the pairing, recombination, and segregation of meiotic chromosomes.
- MeSH
- benomyl farmakologie MeSH
- buněčné jádro fyziologie MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- fluorescenční protilátková technika MeSH
- hybridizace in situ fluorescenční MeSH
- meióza MeSH
- mikrotubuly účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- nokodazol farmakologie MeSH
- organizátor jadérka fyziologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- profáze MeSH
- Schizosaccharomyces cytologie genetika fyziologie MeSH
- synaptonemální komplex fyziologie MeSH
- thiabendazol farmakologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- benomyl MeSH
- nokodazol MeSH
- thiabendazol MeSH
The effect of foliar application of 2% urea and 0.6% benomyl on changes in colonization of the rhizosphere by microorganisms and of roots by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx et Olivier var. tritici Walker was followed in vegetation glass-house experiments. Treatment with a urea solution resulted in increased counts of bacteria (82%), Pseudomonas fluorescens (46%), Agrobacterium sp. (31%) and antagonistic bacteria with respect to the used fungus isolate and in a decreased occurrence of micromycetes (63%). Treatment of wheat with a benomyl solution resulted in an increased count of bacteria (43%) and a decreased occurrence of P. fluorescens (16%), Agrobacterium sp. (50%) and fungi (67%). After treatment with both compounds the infection of roots by G. graminis considerably decreased as compared with untreated plants. The results are discussed from the point of view of the effect of application of the studied compounds to upper parts of wheat on the microflora colonizing its roots.
- MeSH
- Ascomycota růst a vývoj MeSH
- benomyl farmakologie MeSH
- karbamáty farmakologie MeSH
- močovina farmakologie MeSH
- pšenice mikrobiologie MeSH
- Pseudomonas fluorescens růst a vývoj MeSH
- Rhizobium růst a vývoj MeSH
- Xylariales růst a vývoj MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- benomyl MeSH
- karbamáty MeSH
- močovina MeSH
