The article focuses on practice of secular eulogistic rhetoric in communist Czechoslovakia (1948-1989), specifically it investigates references to "afterlife" used in eulogies, which is generally conceived as allowing the bereaved to positively reappraise the death of the loved one. However, in secular eulogies, the use of "afterlife" in religious interpretation ("resurrection", "heaven") is explicitly excluded. Based on the thematic analysis of 61 secular eulogies, 2 secular interpretations of "afterlife" are identified: symbolic continuity (continuity of memory of the deceased, through his/her legacy/work done, as a part of Nature, through children/future generations, or continuity of the deceased's love) and factual (but deprived) continuity (death is presented as a sleep, journey, or pain relief).
- Klíčová slova
- Czechoslovakia, afterlife, consolation, funeral rhetoric, secular eulogy,
- MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- komunismus * dějiny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- náboženství a psychologie * MeSH
- postoj ke smrti * MeSH
- sekularismus * dějiny MeSH
- ztráta blízké osoby * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Československo MeSH
The study examines the development of psychology in former Czechoslovakia during the period of "normalization" (1968-1989) and the challenges it faced under the communist regime. The restricted connection to Western psychology and the regime's control over all aspects of human activity negatively influenced the continuity of development in psychology. The regime demanded conformity, leaving individuals, including psychologists, in recurring states of internal conflict and intellectual discomfort when deciding how much to compromise in their personal and professional lives. The study identifies three groups of psychologists based on their adaptability to regime demands. The first group consists of those who aligned themselves with the regime, allowing them to hold positions of leadership and shape the conceptualization of the field. The second group comprises individuals who actively opposed the regime, facing significant limitations in their educational and career opportunities, and mostly being forced to leave the profession. The third group of psychologists belongs to the apolitical gray zone. A significant portion of individuals in this largest group passively complied with established norms and constraints, accepting the restrictions imposed on the development of Czechoslovak psychology. Fortunately, thanks to the persistent efforts of the proactive members of the gray zone and their willingness to endure significant discomfort, an even deeper decline of psychology during the normalization period was prevented. The study provides insights into the topics of education, research, Western influences, and adaptation to the communist regime within Czechoslovak psychology, illuminating the intricacies of living in that historical period. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
- MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- individualita * MeSH
- komunismus dějiny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- psychologie * dějiny MeSH
- sociální konformita MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Československo MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this analysis was to compare selected health status indicators of the Albanian and Polish populations, pertinent to two former communist countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). METHODS: This analysis was based on the estimates related to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study, reported by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). For Poland, IHME uses data mainly from the Central Statistical Office of Poland, whereas for Albania the information is based on the reports from the National Institute of Statistics. RESULTS: In 2019, life expectancy at birth was slightly higher in Albania compared to Poland (78.5 years vs. 78.1 years, respectively). Mortality rate from noncommunicable diseases was similar in both countries (about 520 deaths per 100,000 population). In 2019, the main risk factor for the overall mortality in both countries was the high systolic blood pressure. In Albania, high systolic blood pressure accounted for almost 32% of deaths from all causes, whereas in Poland it accounted for only 21% of all deaths. The second main risk factor in Albania concerned the dietary factors which were responsible for almost one in four deaths. In Poland, the second main risk factor for all-cause mortality concerned tobacco which was responsible for one in five deaths. The third leading risk factor in Albania was tobacco (responsible for one in five deaths), whereas in Poland it concerned the dietary risks (responsible for about 19% of the all-cause mortality). CONCLUSIONS: This analysis provides useful information about the current health status of two populations pertinent to the former Communist Bloc in CEE. While health indicators can provide important information about the differences in health status between populations, it is important to interpret these indicators in the context of the specific challenges and limitations facing each country.
- Klíčová slova
- Albania, Poland, burden of disease, comparative analysis, mortality, post-communist countries,
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- komunismus MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mortalita trendy MeSH
- naděje dožití * MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ukazatele zdravotního stavu MeSH
- zdravotní stav * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Albánie epidemiologie MeSH
- Polsko epidemiologie MeSH
After the general societal and political change in November 1989 in Czechoslovakia, the subject "History of Psychology" became the stable component of curriculum of studying psychology at the Department of Psychology of Faculty of Arts of Charles University in Prague. The author of this paper has taught "History of Psychology" in Czech since 1998 for more than 20 years all students of psychology and he is teaching this subject the students of ERASMUS+ program from whole Europe, studying at Charles University in Prague, now. Indivisible part of the curriculum is represented by the history of Czechoslovak and Czech psychology. In References, the most important publications in the field of history of Czechoslovak and Czech psychology are presented.
- Klíčová slova
- Czechoslovakia, Eastern Europe, contemporary Czech, fall of Totalitarian Communist Regimes, revival of psychology,
- MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- isoflavony * MeSH
- komunismus * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- politické systémy MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Československo MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
- Názvy látek
- isoflavony * MeSH
Parish priest Josef Toufar died as a direct consequence of torture committed by Communist State Security Service agents, forcing him to confess that "miraculous" movement of crucifix above the main altar during the Holy Mass held in the Roman-Catholic church in Číhošť was staged by using a technical equipment. Josef Toufar was presumably buried in a mass grave at the cemetery in Prague-Ďáblice under a false name Josef Zouhar. In 2013 the Czech Bishops' Conference grant an approval to begin the process of his beatification. However, the beatification required the exhumation and identification of the remains. In this case report, we describe the process of searching, exhumation, and the combined A-STR/Y-STR DNA analysis of remains of Pater Josef Toufar. His identification was feasible due to kinship analysis: buccal swabs of three family members (niece, grand-niece, and grand-nephew) were available for testing.
- Klíčová slova
- DNA, Exhumation, Personal identification, Totalitarianism, Victim,
- MeSH
- DNA fingerprinting metody MeSH
- duchovenstvo MeSH
- exhumace MeSH
- komunismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lidský chromozom Y * MeSH
- mikrosatelitní repetice * MeSH
- mučení MeSH
- oběti zločinu * MeSH
- pohřeb MeSH
- rodokmen MeSH
- tělesné pozůstatky * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
At almost 90 years of age, we have lost the author of the founding historical works on Johann Gregor Mendel. Vítězslav Orel served for almost 30 years as the editor of the journal Folia Mendeliana. His work was beset by the wider problems associated with Mendel's recognition in the Communist Bloc, and by the way in which narratives of the history of science could be co-opted into the service of Cold War and post-Cold War political agendas. Orel played a key role in the organization of the Mendel symposium of 1965 in Brno, and has made a strong contribution to the rehabilitation of genetics generally, and to championing the work of Johann Gregor Mendel in particular. With Jaroslav Kříženecký, he cofounded the Mendelianum in Brno, which for decades has served as an intellectual bridge between the East and West. Orel's involvement with this institution exposed him to dangers both during and after the Cold War.
- Klíčová slova
- Central Europe, Cold War, Johann Gregor Mendel, Lysenkoism, Post-communism, Vítězslav Orel biography,
- MeSH
- biografie jako téma * MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- dějiny 21. století MeSH
- genetika dějiny MeSH
- komunismus dějiny MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- dějiny 21. století MeSH
- Publikační typ
- biografie MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- portréty MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Československo MeSH
- O autorovi
- Orel, Vítězslav
BACKGROUND: A youths' neighborhood can play an important role in their physical, health, and emotional development. The prevalence of health risk behavior (HRB) in Czech youth such as smoking, drug and alcohol use is the highest in Europe. AIM: To analyze differences in HRB in youth residents within different types of Prague's neighborhoods in relation to the perception of the built environment, quality of their school and home environments. DATA AND METHODS: The data is based on the on-line survey among elementary school students aged between 14-15 years, which was administered in19 selected schools in Prague, during the months of October 2013 to March 2014. Respondents were asked their opinions on various issues related to their HRB, about their indoor and outdoor housing and school environments. The questionnaire was completed by 407 students. Factor analysis with a principal components extraction was applied to determine the underlying structure in the variables. A consequent field research was conducted to map the opportunity hot spots and critical places around the elementary schools. RESULTS: Binge drinking has been reported mainly by the students living in the housing estates with blocks of flats. The most frequent occurrence of daily smokers was found in the neighborhoods of old city apartment houses. High prevalence of risky marijuana use almost in all the surveyed types of neighborhoods. The respondents were more critical in their evaluation of school characteristics. The neighborhoods critically evaluated by the students as regards the school outdoor environments were the older apartment houses in the historical centre and inner city, the school indoor environment was worst assessed within the housing estate neighborhoods. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that perceptions of problems in both residential and school environment are associated with HRB. This fact makes this issue of a serious importance also from the policy point of view. Mainly the school surroundings have to be better managed by the local authorities responsible for the public space. This research thus forms part of the Sophie project aiming to find the most efficient policies that would tackle with the inequalities in the health and quality of life.
- MeSH
- charakteristiky bydlení * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- komunismus * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- kouření marihuany etnologie psychologie MeSH
- kouření etnologie psychologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- městské obyvatelstvo * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- pití alkoholu etnologie psychologie MeSH
- riskování * MeSH
- sběr dat metody MeSH
- zdravé chování etnologie MeSH
- životní prostředí * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika etnologie MeSH
- MeSH
- duševní poruchy epidemiologie etiologie terapie MeSH
- komunismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- postoj ke zdraví * MeSH
- předsudek * MeSH
- psychický stres komplikace etiologie MeSH
- služby péče o duševní zdraví statistika a číselné údaje trendy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- zprávy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika epidemiologie MeSH
- MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- komunismus dějiny MeSH
- lékaři dějiny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- výročí a významné události MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Československo MeSH
- SSSR MeSH
The healthcare system of the Czech Republic at the time the country was made part of the Eastern Bloc was characterized by scarcity of funds as a result of its poorly functioning economy combined with difficult access to up-to-date medical information because of restricted communication with Western democracies. These were the main causes for Czech medicine lagging behind that of industrialized nations. The political changes occurring in 1989 were soon followed by economic and societal changes that led to, among other things, badly needed healthcare reform, gradually involving all areas of medicine. This resulted in extending, over the period from 1989 to 2004, life expectancy at birth (from 71.8 to 75.8 years); this figure is still below the average of the 15 Western European nations that were European Union members prior to 1 May 2004 (79.4 years in 2004). The availability of all methods of renal replacement therapy also increased, particularly peritoneal dialysis, which was virtually unavailable prior to 1990.
- MeSH
- komunismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- náhrada funkce ledvin statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- nemoci ledvin diagnóza epidemiologie terapie MeSH
- reforma zdravotní péče organizace a řízení MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika epidemiologie MeSH
