In recent years, the interstitial cells telocytes, formerly known as interstitial Cajal-like cells, have been described in almost all organs of the human body. Although telocytes were previously thought to be localized predominantly in the organs of the digestive system, as of 2018 they have also been described in the lymphoid tissue, skin, respiratory system, urinary system, meninges and the organs of the male and female genital tracts. Since the time of eminent German pathologist Rudolf Virchow, we have known that many pathological processes originate directly from cellular changes. Even though telocytes are not widely accepted by all scientists as an individual and morphologically and functionally distinct cell population, several articles regarding telocytes have already been published in such prestigious journals as Nature and Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. The telocyte diversity extends beyond their morphology and functions, as they have a potential role in the etiopathogenesis of different diseases. The most commonly described telocyte-associated diseases (which may be best termed "telocytopathies" in the future) are summarized in this critical review. It is difficult to imagine that a single cell population could be involved in the pathogenesis of such a wide spectrum of pathological conditions as extragastrointestinal stromal tumors ("telocytomas"), liver fibrosis, preeclampsia during pregnancy, tubal infertility, heart failure and psoriasis. In any case, future functional studies of telocytes in vivo will help to understand the mechanism by which telocytes contribute to tissue homeostasis in health and disease.
- Klíčová slova
- interstitial Cajal-like cells, telocytes, telocytoma, telocytopathies, tissue regeneration,
- MeSH
- antigeny CD34 imunologie MeSH
- fyziologická neovaskularizace MeSH
- homeostáza fyziologie MeSH
- imunofenotypizace MeSH
- intersticiální Cajalovy buňky imunologie patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- regenerace MeSH
- růstový faktor odvozený z trombocytů - receptor alfa imunologie MeSH
- růstový faktor odvozený z trombocytů - receptor beta imunologie MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- telocyty imunologie patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antigeny CD34 MeSH
- PDGFRB protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
- růstový faktor odvozený z trombocytů - receptor alfa MeSH
- růstový faktor odvozený z trombocytů - receptor beta MeSH
Discovery of telocytes has become an important and key challenge in past few years. These cells are interstitial cells extending very long cytoplasmic processes named telopodes, by which they create functional networks in the interstitium of different organs. Telocytes are considered to be connective tissue elements that create contacts among each other, but they also function as intercellular structures, functionally connected with cells of the immune system, neurons and smooth muscle cells. Telocytes can be found also in the different parts of female reproductive system with functions and purpose, which is summarized in our overview. Telocytes regulate for example peristaltic movements in fallopian tubes. The decrease of their number (due to inflammatory disease or endometriosis) causes impairment in transport through fallopian tubes which may result in sterility or tubal gravidity. In uterus they regulate contraction of myometrial smooth muscle (blood expulsion in menstrual phase, childbirth) as well as they contribute in immunological care during embryo implantation. Telocytes probably control also the involution of uterus after delivery. Their function in vagina has not been yet clearly defined; they probably take part in slow muscle contraction movement during sexual intercourse. In mammary glands some scientists suppose their function in control of cell proliferation and apoptosis, that is why, they may play a role in carcinogenesis. In placenta they probably monitor and regulate flow of blood in vessels of chorionic villi and they may be responsible also for etiopathogenesis of pre-eclampsy. All these mentioned functions of telocytes are only in the level of hypothesis and have been published recently. New research and studies will try to answer the questions whether telocytes play a key role in these processes. Our review we completed with some original microphotographs of telocytes in different organs of female reproductive system.
- Klíčová slova
- fallopian tubes, interstitial Cajal-like cells, mammary gland, myometrium, placenta., telocytes, vagina,
- MeSH
- děložní kontrakce fyziologie MeSH
- endometrióza patofyziologie MeSH
- implantace embrya fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myometrium patofyziologie MeSH
- peristaltika fyziologie MeSH
- svalová kontrakce fyziologie MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- telocyty fyziologie MeSH
- vagina patofyziologie MeSH
- vejcovody patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Distension is a regular mechanical stimulus in gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This study was designed to investigate the effect of hypotonic stress on pacemaking activity and determine whether actin microfilament is involved in its mechanism in cultured murine intestinal interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) by using whole-cell patch-clamp and calcium imaging techniques. Hypotonic stress induced sustained inward holding current from the baseline to -650+/-110 pA and significantly decreased amplitudes of pacemaker current. Hypotonic stress increased the intensity of basal fluorescence ratio (F/F0) from baseline to 1.09+/-0.03 and significantly increased Ca(2+) oscillation amplitude. Cytochalasin-B (20 microM), a disruptor of actin microfilaments, significantly suppressed the amplitudes of pacemaker currents and calcium oscillations, respectively. Cytochalasin-B also blocked hypotonic stress-induced sustained inward holding current and hypotonic stress-induced increase of calcium oscillations. Phalloidin (20 microM), a stabilizer of actin microfilaments, significantly enhanced the amplitudes of pacemaker currents and calcium oscillations, respectively. Despite the presence of phalloidin, hypotonic stress was still able to induce an inward holding current and increased the basal fluorescence intensity. These results suggest that hypotonic stress induces sustained inward holding current via actin microfilaments and the process is mediated by alteration of intracellular basal calcium concentration and calcium oscillation in cultured intestinal ICCs.
- MeSH
- biologické hodiny fyziologie MeSH
- buněčný převod mechanických signálů fyziologie MeSH
- gastrointestinální motilita fyziologie MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- mikrofilamenta metabolismus MeSH
- myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
- myši MeSH
- osmotický tlak fyziologie MeSH
- telocyty fyziologie MeSH
- vápníková signalizace fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
