Emotional and cognitive impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD) are prevalent, hamper interpersonal relations and reduce quality of life. It is however unclear to what extent these domains interplay in PD-related deficits and how they are influenced by dopaminergic availability. This study examined the effect of cognitive impairment and dopaminergic medication on neural and behavioral mechanisms of facial emotion recognition in PD patients. PD patients on and off dopaminergic medication and matched healthy controls underwent an emotional face matching task during functional MRI. In addition, a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation of cognitive function was conducted. Increased BOLD response to emotional faces was found in the visual cortex of PD patients relative to controls irrespective of cognitive function and medication status. Administration of dopaminergic medication in PD patients resulted in restored behavioral accuracy for emotional faces relative to controls and decreased retrosplenial cortex BOLD response to emotion relative to off-medication state. Furthermore, cognitive impairment in PD patients was associated with reduced behavioral accuracy for non-emotional stimuli and predicted BOLD response to emotion in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices, depending on medication status. Findings of aberrant visual and retrosplenial BOLD response to emotion are suggested to stem from altered attentional and/or emotion-driven modulation from subcortical and higher cortical regions. Our results indicate neural disruptions and behavioral deficits in emotion processing in PD patients that are dependent on dopaminergic availability and independent of cognitive function. Our findings highlight the importance of dopaminergic treatment not only for the motor symptoms but also the emotional disturbances in PD.

• Keywords
• Cognitive function, Dopamine, Emotion, Facial recognition, Parkinson's disease, fMRI,
• MeSH
• Dopamine Agonists pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Emotions drug effects   physiology   MeSH
• Functional Neuroimaging MeSH
• Cognitive Dysfunction complications   drug therapy   physiopathology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
• Neuropsychological Tests MeSH
• Neuroimaging MeSH
• Parkinson Disease complications   drug therapy   physiopathology   MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Case-Control Studies MeSH
• Facial Expression * MeSH
• Visual Cortex drug effects   physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Controlled Clinical Trial MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Dopamine Agonists MeSH

Place navigation engrams acquired with intact brain can be retrieved with either eye and are stored in both hemispheres. The retrieval circuitry was examined by testing an overtrained rat under lidocaine inactivation of the hippocampus, visual cortex, and superior colliculus. Thirty-three hooded rats with implanted cannulae aimed at the above structures were trained to find a target in the southwest quadrant of the pool. Retrieval was tested during occlusion of one eye alone or combined with ipsi- or contralateral blockade (1 microliter 4% lidocaine) of hippocampus, hippocampus and visual cortex, or hippocampus, visual cortex, and superior colliculus. The intact brain escape latencies (9.8 s) were only slightly prolonged by occlusion of one eye (to 12.6 s). Blockade of centers ipsi- or contralateral to the occluded eye increased escape latencies to 12.7 or 15.2 s for hippocampus, to 16.8 or 16.9 s for hippocampus and visual cortex, and to 23.6 or 17.4 s for hippocampus, visual cortex, and superior colliculus, respectively. Significant asymmetry appearing in the last case indicates that the superior colliculus plays an important role in mediation of the crossed visual input supporting place navigation. Residual goal-finding capability in rats with blockade of centers ipsilateral to the occluded eye is probably due to uncrossed visual projections to the intact hemisphere.

• MeSH
• Maze Learning drug effects   physiology   MeSH
• Superior Colliculi drug effects   MeSH
• Hippocampus drug effects   MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Lidocaine pharmacology   MeSH
• Ocular Physiological Phenomena * MeSH
• Visual Cortex drug effects   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Lidocaine MeSH

To study the neural mechanisms of interhippocampal transfer of lateralized place navigation engrams in rats, lidocaine was injected via chronically implanted cannulae to reversibly inactivate the hippocampal formation and the visual cortex on one side. The eye opposite the blocked side was occluded. Under these conditions, rats learned the location of an invisible platform in a water maze [mean escape latencies per four-trial block (t) = 5-6 s at the performance asymptote]. Monocular intact brain retrieval with the trained eye (t = 7) was better than with the untrained eye (t = 13). However, analysis of each retrieval trial indicated untrained eye performance was only poor on the first trial (t = 30). To test whether trans-commissural read-out alone or write-in (i.e. interhippocampal transfer) of the lateralized engram explains the above results, rats acquired a new platform location (t = 5). Two groups were then given a 30-s "free swim" (the platform was removed) with intact brain and either the trained or untrained eye occluded. A third group did not have this "transfer" trial. Retrieval was tested with the trained hippocampus and visual cortex blocked. With the trained eye occluded, retrieval in the rats that had the transfer trial (t = 11) was better than in those that did not (t = 25), but slightly worse than in rats tested with the untrained eye, hippocampus and visual cortex blocked (t = 7). Additionally, retrieval was similar, independent of whether the trained (t = 12) or untrained (t = 11) eye was open on the transfer swim. The 30-s swim alone did not induce comparable savings. We conclude that interhippocampal transfer of lateralized place learning is easily induced, is equal if the transfer is facultative or imperative, and involves both trans-commissural read-out and write-in processes.

• MeSH
• Hippocampus anatomy & histology   drug effects   physiology   MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Lidocaine pharmacology   MeSH
• Conditioning, Operant drug effects   MeSH
• Orientation drug effects   MeSH
• Memory physiology   MeSH
• Vision, Monocular physiology   MeSH
• Space Perception physiology   MeSH
• Visual Cortex anatomy & histology   drug effects   physiology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Lidocaine MeSH

A method for the dissection of the nucleus parabrachialis (NPB) from the coronal sections of frozen rat brain is described. The protein kinase C (PKC) activity was determined in the cytosol and particulate fractions of the pooled samples of the nucleus. The effect of the i.p. administration of the conditioned taste aversion-inducing agents LiCl and CuSO4 on PKC in the NPB and visual cortex (VC) was tested. 1 h after the LiCl injection, the portion of the membrane-bound PKC was increased by 23% (P < 0.01) above the level found after the saline injection. CuSO4 produced a 19% increase. Since the PKC activity in the cytosol declined, it is likely that the translocation of the enzyme took place. No changes in the PKC distribution in the VC samples could be detected. The results support the idea that the PKC translocation is not directly induced by the tested substances but that it rather reflects changes in the activity of the visceral system.

• MeSH
• Lithium Chloride pharmacology   MeSH
• Taste drug effects   MeSH
• Cytosol drug effects   metabolism   MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Copper pharmacology   MeSH
• Conditioning, Operant drug effects   physiology   MeSH
• Pons drug effects   enzymology   physiology   MeSH
• Protein Kinase C metabolism   MeSH
• Saccharin pharmacology   MeSH
• Copper Sulfate MeSH
• Avoidance Learning physiology   MeSH
• Visual Cortex drug effects   metabolism   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Lithium Chloride MeSH
• Copper MeSH
• Protein Kinase C MeSH
• Saccharin MeSH
• Copper Sulfate MeSH

• MeSH
• Rats, Inbred Strains MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid metabolism   MeSH
• Brain Chemistry drug effects   MeSH
• Brain Stem drug effects   MeSH
• Piracetam pharmacology   MeSH
• Pyrrolidinones pharmacology   MeSH
• Serotonin metabolism   MeSH
• Substantia Nigra drug effects   MeSH
• Visual Cortex drug effects   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid MeSH
• Piracetam MeSH
• Pyrrolidinones MeSH
• Serotonin MeSH

• MeSH
• Acetamides pharmacology   MeSH
• Acoustic Stimulation MeSH
• Electric Stimulation MeSH
• Evoked Potentials drug effects   MeSH
• Rats, Inbred Strains MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Pyrrolidinones pharmacology   MeSH
• Reaction Time MeSH
• Sensory Deprivation * MeSH
• Auditory Cortex drug effects   MeSH
• Somatosensory Cortex drug effects   MeSH
• Photic Stimulation MeSH
• Vision, Ocular * MeSH
• Visual Cortex drug effects   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Comparative Study MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Acetamides MeSH
• Pyrrolidinones MeSH

• MeSH
• Edetic Acid administration & dosage   adverse effects   MeSH
• Evoked Potentials drug effects   MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Cerebral Cortex drug effects   MeSH
• Somatosensory Cortex drug effects   MeSH
• Seizures chemically induced   MeSH
• Visual Cortex drug effects   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Edetic Acid MeSH

• MeSH
• Potassium pharmacology   MeSH
• Electroencephalography MeSH
• Evoked Potentials drug effects   MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Cerebral Cortex growth & development   physiopathology   MeSH
• Penicillins pharmacology   MeSH
• Somatosensory Cortex drug effects   MeSH
• Age Factors MeSH
• Seizures chemically induced   etiology   physiopathology   MeSH
• Visual Cortex drug effects   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Potassium MeSH
• Penicillins MeSH

• MeSH
• Mammillary Bodies drug effects   MeSH
• Electroencephalography MeSH
• Evoked Potentials drug effects   MeSH
• Hippocampus drug effects   MeSH
• Thalamic Nuclei drug effects   MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Geniculate Bodies drug effects   MeSH
• Brain drug effects   MeSH
• Cerebral Cortex drug effects   MeSH
• Pentylenetetrazole pharmacology   MeSH
• Reticular Formation drug effects   MeSH
• Visual Cortex drug effects   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Pentylenetetrazole MeSH

• MeSH
• Bemegride pharmacology   MeSH
• Stimulation, Chemical MeSH
• Evoked Potentials drug effects   MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Pentobarbital pharmacology   MeSH
• Auditory Cortex drug effects   MeSH
• Visual Cortex drug effects   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Bemegride MeSH
• Pentobarbital MeSH