Atacicept is a first-in-class, dual anti-B-cell Activation Factor-A Proliferation-Inducing Ligand fusion protein in clinical evaluation for treatment of IgA nephropathy. To compare efficacy and safety of atacicept versus placebo in patients with IgAN, this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2b clinical trial ORIGIN enrolled 116 individuals with biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy. Participants were randomized to atacicept 150, 75, or 25 mg versus placebo once weekly for up to 36 weeks. Primary and key secondary endpoints were changes in urine protein creatinine ratio based on 24-hour urine collection at weeks 24 and 36, respectively, in the combined atacicept 150 mg and 75 mg group versus placebo. The primary endpoint was met at week 24 as the mean urine protein creatinine ratio was reduced from baseline by 31% in the combined atacicept group versus 8% with placebo, resulting in a significant 25% reduction with atacicept versus placebo. At week 36, the key secondary endpoint was met as the mean urine protein creatinine ratio reduced from baseline by 34% in the combined atacicept group versus a 2% increase with placebo, resulting in a significant 35% reduction with atacicept versus placebo. The reduction in proteinuria was accompanied by stabilization in endpoint eGFR with atacicept compared to a decline with placebo at week 36, resulting in significant between-group geometric mean difference of 11%, approximating an absolute difference of 5.7 mL/min/1.73m2. Endpoint galactose deficient IgA1 levels significantly decreased from baseline by 60% versus placebo. The safety profile of atacicept was like placebo. Thus, our results provide evidence to support a pivotal, phase 3 study of atacicept in IgA nephropathy.

• Klíčová slova
• B-cell modulator, IgA nephropathy, glomerular disease,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
• hodnoty glomerulární filtrace účinky léků   MeSH
• IgA nefropatie * farmakoterapie   moč   diagnóza   MeSH
• kreatinin * moč   krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• proteinurie farmakoterapie   moč   MeSH
• receptory Fc terapeutické užití   MeSH
• rekombinantní fúzní proteiny * terapeutické užití   škodlivé účinky   aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky, fáze II MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kreatinin * MeSH
• receptory Fc MeSH
• rekombinantní fúzní proteiny * MeSH
• TACI receptor-IgG Fc fragment fusion protein MeSH Prohlížeč

BACKGROUND: Albuminuria, an important marker of decreased kidney function in chronic kidney disease (CKD), is not routinely used for CKD detection or proteinuria appearance. Its relationships with biochemical parameters and blood pressure in dogs are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of albuminuria with various CKD markers, its correlation with the urinary protein to creatinine ratio (UPC), and hypertension in dogs with early stages of CKD. It also sought to determine the usability of the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UAC) for CKD screening. METHODS: The study reviewed records of 102 dogs, categorising them into four groups based on disease status. UAC and UPC ratio, biochemistry and haematology variables, age, and systolic blood pressure were determined. RESULTS: The Pearson's correlation coefficient between log-transformed values of UPC and UAC was r = 0.902 (95% CI: 0.87 to 0.93). Median UAC ratio values were 2.1 mg/g for the Healthy control group (n = 17), 54.2 mg/g for early stages CKD (n = 42), 5.8 mg/g for Acute sick control (n = 30), and 104 mg/g for Chronic sick control (n = 13). Thresholding UAC ratio as an indicator for impaired kidney function with the threshold of 10 mg/g (established based on the receiver operating characteristic curve) had a sensitivity 81.8%, specificity of 89.4%, positive predictive value (PPV) 90%, and negative predictive value (NPV) 80.1%. The correlation of UAC with biochemistry and haematology variables was statistically significant; for SDMA (μg/L), it was r = 0.566 and for other variables, it was weak to moderate. UAC was markedly elevated in cases of severe hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: UAC ratio was significantly different among dogs with impaired and not impaired kidney function. The correlation strength for the UAC and UPC ratios was high. UAC ratio may be a promising marker for proteinuria analysis in dogs with CKD or other kidney function alterations.

• Klíčová slova
• albuminuria, canine, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, proteinuria, renal biomarkers,
• MeSH
• albuminurie veterinární   diagnóza   moč   MeSH
• chronická renální insuficience * veterinární   moč   MeSH
• hypertenze * moč   veterinární   MeSH
• kreatinin moč   MeSH
• nemoci psů * diagnóza   MeSH
• proteinurie veterinární   MeSH
• psi MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• psi MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kreatinin MeSH

Oxidative stress is an important toxicity and genotoxicity mechanism of many chronic adverse health outcomes. This study developed a sensitive extraction method for urine matrix (based on lyophilization, without the need for pre-cleaning by solid phase extraction), coupled to LC-MS/MS analysis of the biomarker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). The methodology was validated in urine samples from a cohort of Spanish pregnant women collected during the first, second and third trimester of pregnancy, and urine samples collected within 24 h after delivery (n = 85). A detection and quantification limit of 0.01 and 0.05 μg/L, respectively, were established. The median 8-OHdG concentration was 2.18 μg/L (range 0.33-7.79); and the corresponding creatinine-adjusted concentrations ranged from 1.04 to 13.12 with median of 4.48 μg 8-OHdG/g creatinine. The concentrations of non-adjusted 8-OHdG significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the 3rd trimester and post-delivery urine samples when compared to the 1st trimester levels. 8-OHdG concentrations were further studied in placenta samples matching the same urine samples (n = 26), with a median value of 1.3 ng 8-OHdG/g of tissue. Placental 8-OHdG concentrations were correlated with urinary levels of non-adjusted 8-OHdG in the 3rd trimester. Considering the small cohort size, results must be interpreted with caution, however statistical analyses revealed elevated urinary non-adjusted 8-OHdG levels in the 1st trimester of mothers that delivered boys compared to those who delivered girls (p < 0.01). Increased urinary non-adjusted 8-OHdG concentrations at the time of delivery were significantly associated with clinical records (any type of clinical record during pregnancy; p < 0.05). The novel extraction and analytical method for the assessment of 8-OHdG is applicable for sensitive analysis of multiple analytes or biomarkers in urine matrix. This method could also be applied for other matrices such as blood or tissues. Our findings show that 8-OHdG in urine of pregnant women could predict oxidative stress in placenta and can be related to characteristics such as maternal obesity, mode of delivery and newborn sex.

• Klíčová slova
• 8-OHdG, Oxidative stress, Placenta, Pregnancy, Urine,
• MeSH
• 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosin MeSH
• biologické markery moč   MeSH
• chromatografie kapalinová metody   MeSH
• deoxyguanosin * moč   MeSH
• kreatinin moč   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• oxidační stres MeSH
• placenta MeSH
• poškození DNA MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie metody   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• těhotné ženy * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosin MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• deoxyguanosin * MeSH
• kreatinin MeSH

Determination of urinary retinol, which is a new promising early biomarker of renal damage typically expressed in the clinical environment as retinol/creatinine ratio, is currently difficult to accomplish. We have developed and validated the new ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography method with UV and mass spectrometry detection for the separation and quantification of retinol and creatinine in human urine in a single run. The separation of these two substances with completely different physicochemical properties was achieved using a column packed with fluorinated stationary phase and acetonitrile and aqueous ammonium formate buffer as the mobile phases. The separation was completed within 4 min. Our new method involves very fast and simple sample preparation requiring small amount of sample matrix and solvents. Deuterium labeled internal standard was used for the more precise quantification. The method was tested with real-life samples using urine collected from patients suffering from breast, colorectal, head, and neck cancer.

• Klíčová slova
• Cancer, Creatinine, Retinol, UHPLC-UV-MS/MS, Urine,
• MeSH
• biologické markery moč   MeSH
• kalibrace MeSH
• kreatinin chemie   moč   MeSH
• ledviny patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• referenční standardy MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• rozpouštědla MeSH
• vitamin A chemie   moč   MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• kreatinin MeSH
• rozpouštědla MeSH
• vitamin A MeSH

Knowledge of population exposure to phthalates based on the urinary metabolite levels is of the highest importance for health risk assessment. Such data are scarce in the Czech population. In the study conducted in 2016, six urinary phthalate metabolites were analysed in a total of 370 first morning urine samples of healthy children aged 5 and 9 years, namely mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5OH-MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (5oxo-MEHP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP), and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP). The two latter mono-butyl phthalate isoforms dominated among all samples with geometric means of 63.0 µg/L (MnBP) and 44.1 µg/L (MiBP), followed by 5OH-MEHP (20.6 µg/L), 5oxo-MEHP (12.9 µg/L), MBzP (3.65 µg/L), and MEHP (2.31 µg/L). Daily intake (DI) of the parent phthalates was estimated using the creatinine-based model. The highest DI values were found for di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) (median 2.5 µg/kg bw/day; 95th percentile 7.8 µg/kg bw/day) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) (median 2.3 µg/kg bw/day; 95th percentile 8.9 µg/kg bw/day) in 5-year-old children. The tolerable daily intake (TDI) set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was exceeded in case of DnBP (in 1% of 9-year-olds and in 3% of 5-year-olds). Exposure risk was assessed based on hazard quotients calculation and cumulative approach for similar health effect. The combined exposure to four phthalates expressed by hazard index (HI) for reprotoxicity revealed exceeding of HI threshold in 14% of 5-year-olds and in 9% of 9-year-olds. These findings strongly support the need to reduce the burden of children by phthalates.

• MeSH
• dávka bez pozorovaného nepříznivého účinku MeSH
• diethylhexylftalát aplikace a dávkování   analogy a deriváty   moč   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• kreatinin moč   MeSH
• kyseliny ftalové aplikace a dávkování   moč   MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí aplikace a dávkování   moč   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• školy MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• diethylhexylftalát MeSH
• kreatinin MeSH
• kyseliny ftalové MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH
• mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate MeSH Prohlížeč
• mono-benzyl phthalate MeSH Prohlížeč
• mono-isobutyl phthalate MeSH Prohlížeč
• monobutyl phthalate MeSH Prohlížeč

The former perception of the urothelium as an impermeable barrier has been revised during the last decade, as increasing evidence of changes in urine composition during its passage of the urinary tract has been presented. Since differences in urothelial permeability between upper and lower urinary tract have been found, our aim is to demonstrate whether changes in urine composition occur during passage through the ureter. We studied consecutive urine samples from both renal pelvises in six pigs and compared them to samples from the bladder and distal ureter. We further sampled urine during storage in the bladder at a fixed volume. All samples were analysed by measuring osmolality and pH, along with the concentration of the following parameters: Na(+), K(+), Cl(-), creatinine, urea. Urine alkalinity increased significantly during passage of the ureter. Creatinine concentration, pH and K(+) increased significantly during the passage from pelvis to the bladder. All other parameters increased non-significantly during the passage to the bladder. The increase in concentration was more pronounced at low concentrations in the pelvis. During storage in the bladder, there was a significant increase in urea concentration. Changes in the composition of urine occur during its passage from the renal pelvis to the bladder and during storage in the bladder. Despite the brief transit time, significant changes in alkalinity were found already during passage through the ureter.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• chloridy moč   MeSH
• draslík moč   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• koncentrační schopnost ledvin * MeSH
• kreatinin moč   MeSH
• moč chemie   MeSH
• močovina moč   MeSH
• močový měchýř metabolismus   MeSH
• osmolární koncentrace MeSH
• sodík moč   MeSH
• Sus scrofa MeSH
• ureter metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chloridy MeSH
• draslík MeSH
• kreatinin MeSH
• močovina MeSH
• sodík MeSH

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study is to assess the degree of adherence of medical laboratories to Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in laboratory practice in Czechia and Slovakia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic questionnaire on adherence to KDIGO 2012 guideline was designed by an external quality assessment (EQA) provider SEKK spol. s.r.o. The questionnaire was placed and distributed through website to all medical biochemistry laboratories in Czechia and Slovakia (N = 396). RESULTS: A total of 212 out of 396 laboratories responded to the questions, though some laboratories only answered some questions, those applicable to their practice. A total of 48 out of 212 laboratories adopted the KDIGO 2012 guideline in full extent. The metrological traceability of creatinine measurement to standard reference material of SRM 967 was declared by 180 out of 210 laboratories (two of the responding laboratories did not measure creatinine). Thirty laboratories are not well educated on traceability of creatinine measurement and seven laboratories do not calculate estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Both urinary albumin concentration and albumin to creatinine ratio are reported by 144 out of 175 laboratories (37 of the responding laboratories did not measure urinary albumin). CONCLUSION: Majority of laboratories in Czechia and Slovakia adopted some parts of the KDIGO 2012 guideline in their practice, but only 23% of the laboratories apply them completely. Thus, further education and action should be conducted to improve its implementation.

• Klíčová slova
• creatinine, cystatin C, estimated glomerular filtration rate, glomerular filtration, post-analytical phase,
• MeSH
• chronická renální insuficience diagnóza   patologie   MeSH
• hodnoty glomerulární filtrace MeSH
• kreatinin moč   MeSH
• laboratoře nemocniční normy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• směrnice jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kreatinin MeSH

BACKGROUND: Two glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists reduced renal outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes at risk for cardiovascular disease. We assessed the long-term effect of the GLP-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide on renal outcomes in an exploratory analysis of the REWIND trial of the effect of dulaglutide on cardiovascular disease. METHODS: REWIND was a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at 371 sites in 24 countries. Men and women aged at least 50 years with type 2 diabetes who had either a previous cardiovascular event or cardiovascular risk factors were randomly assigned (1:1) to either weekly subcutaneous injection of dulaglutide (1·5 mg) or placebo and followed up at least every 6 months for outcomes. Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratios (UACRs) and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) were estimated from urine and serum values measured in local laboratories every 12 months. The primary outcome (first occurrence of the composite endpoint of non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes), secondary outcomes (including a composite microvascular outcome), and safety outcomes of this trial have been reported elsewhere. In this exploratory analysis, we investigate the renal component of the composite microvascular outcome, defined as the first occurrence of new macroalbuminuria (UACR >33·9 mg/mmol), a sustained decline in eGFR of 30% or more from baseline, or chronic renal replacement therapy. Analyses were by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01394952. FINDINGS: Between Aug 18, 2011, and Aug 14, 2013, 9901 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive dulaglutide (n=4949) or placebo (n=4952). At baseline, 791 (7·9%) had macroalbuminuria and mean eGFR was 76·9 mL/min per 1·73 m2 (SD 22·7). During a median follow-up of 5·4 years (IQR 5·1-5·9) comprising 51 820 person-years, the renal outcome developed in 848 (17·1%) participants at an incidence rate of 3·5 per 100 person-years in the dulaglutide group and in 970 (19·6%) participants at an incidence rate of 4·1 per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·85, 95% CI 0·77-0·93; p=0·0004). The clearest effect was for new macroalbuminuria (HR 0·77, 95% CI 0·68-0·87; p<0·0001), with HRs of 0·89 (0·78-1·01; p=0·066) for sustained decline in eGFR of 30% or more and 0·75 (0·39-1·44; p=0·39) for chronic renal replacement therapy. INTERPRETATION: Long-term use of dulaglutide was associated with reduced composite renal outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes. FUNDING: Eli Lilly and Company.

• MeSH
• albuminurie prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu farmakoterapie   MeSH
• diabetické nefropatie prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
• glukagonu podobné peptidy analogy a deriváty   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• hodnoty glomerulární filtrace účinky léků   MeSH
• hypoglykemika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• imunoglobuliny - Fc fragmenty terapeutické užití   MeSH
• kreatinin moč   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rekombinantní fúzní proteiny terapeutické užití   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dulaglutide MeSH Prohlížeč
• glukagonu podobné peptidy MeSH
• hypoglykemika MeSH
• imunoglobuliny - Fc fragmenty MeSH
• kreatinin MeSH
• rekombinantní fúzní proteiny MeSH

The article presents the results of the study of the nephroprotective effect of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) under the development of experimental acute kidney injury (AKI). The study was conducted on a model of acute glycerol nephrosis in rats. NAG was studied at a dose of 50 mg/kg at daily parenteral administration during 1 week compared to quercetin, which was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 34 mg/kg. The efficiency of the drugs was assessed by the functional state of animals, the renal excretory function and the nitrogen metabolism indices. The NAG effect on rats with AKI caused a reduction of the mortality rate, an increase in diuresis, a reduction of proteinuria, an increase in creatinine and urea excretion, which indicates the normalization of the renal excretory function and nitrogen metabolism. At the same time, NAG has statistically significantly exceeded the effect of quercetin in the majority of indices and, therefore, the level of efficiency. Thus, NAG is an efficient agent for AKI treatment, which can be used at parenteral route of administration.

• Klíčová slova
• N-acetylglucosamine, experimental acute kidney injury, nephroprotective effect,
• MeSH
• acetylglukosamin farmakologie   MeSH
• akutní poškození ledvin farmakoterapie   MeSH
• diuréza MeSH
• kreatinin moč   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• močovina moč   MeSH
• proteinurie MeSH
• quercetin farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• acetylglukosamin MeSH
• kreatinin MeSH
• močovina MeSH
• quercetin MeSH

BACKGROUND: We evaluated and compared the effects of sparsentan, a dual endothelin type A (ETA) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, with those of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with primary FSGS. METHODS: In this phase 2, randomized, double-blind, active-control Efficacy and Safety of Sparsentan (RE-021), a Dual Endothelin Receptor and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker, in Patients with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS): A Randomized, Double-blind, Active-Control, Dose-Escalation Study (DUET), patients aged 8-75 years with biopsy-proven FSGS, eGFR>30 ml/min per 1.73 m2, and urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UP/C) ≥1.0 g/g received sparsentan (200, 400, or 800 mg/d) or irbesartan (300 mg/d) for 8 weeks, followed by open-label sparsentan only. End points at week 8 were reduction from baseline in UP/C (primary) and proportion of patients achieving FSGS partial remission end point (FPRE) (UP/C: ≤1.5 g/g and >40% reduction [secondary]). RESULTS: Of 109 patients randomized, 96 received study drugs and had baseline and week 8 UP/C measurements. Sparsentan-treated patients had greater reductions in UP/C than irbesartan-treated patients did when all doses (45% versus 19%; P=0.006) or the 400 and 800 mg doses (47% versus 19%; P=0.01) were pooled for analysis. The FSGS partial remission end point was achieved in 28% of sparsentan-treated and 9% of irbesartan-treated patients (P=0.04). After 8 weeks of treatment, BP was reduced with sparsentan but not irbesartan, and eGFR was stable with both treatments. Overall, the incidence of adverse events was similar between groups. Hypotension and edema were more common among sparsentan-treated patients but did not result in study withdrawals. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with FSGS achieved significantly greater reductions in proteinuria after 8 weeks of sparsentan versus irbesartan. Sparsentan was safe and well tolerated.

• Klíčová slova
• angiotensin II, endothelin, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, proteinuria, sparsentan,
• MeSH
• antagonisté endotelinového receptoru A aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• blokátory receptoru 1 pro angiotenzin II aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
• fokálně segmentální glomeruloskleróza farmakoterapie   moč   MeSH
• irbesartan aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• kreatinin moč   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• proteinurie farmakoterapie   moč   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• spirosloučeniny aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• sulfonamidy aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky, fáze II MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antagonisté endotelinového receptoru A MeSH
• blokátory receptoru 1 pro angiotenzin II MeSH
• irbesartan MeSH
• kreatinin MeSH
• sparsentan MeSH Prohlížeč
• spirosloučeniny MeSH
• sulfonamidy MeSH