Cancers of the skin are the most commonly occurring cancers in humans. In fair-skinned populations, up to 95% of keratinocyte skin cancers and 70-95% of cutaneous melanomas are caused by ultraviolet radiation and are thus theoretically preventable. Currently, however, there is no comprehensive global advice on practical steps to be taken to reduce the toll of skin cancer. To address this gap, an expert working group comprising clinicians and researchers from Africa, America, Asia, Australia, and Europe, together with learned societies (European Association of Dermato-Oncology, Euromelanoma, Euroskin, European Union of Medical Specialists, and the Melanoma World Society) reviewed the extant evidence and issued the following evidence-based recommendations for photoprotection as a strategy to prevent skin cancer. Fair skinned people, especially children, should minimise their exposure to ultraviolet radiation, and are advised to use protective measures when the UV index is forecast to reach 3 or higher. Protective measures include a combination of seeking shade, physical protection (e.g. clothing, hat, sunglasses), and applying broad-spectrum, SPF 30 + sunscreens to uncovered skin. Intentional exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation for the purpose of sunbathing and tanning is considered an unhealthy behaviour and should be avoided. Similarly, use of solaria and other artificial sources of ultraviolet radiation to encourage tanning should be strongly discouraged, through regulation if necessary. Primary prevention of skin cancer has a positive return on investment. We encourage policymakers to communicate these messages to the general public and promote their wider implementation.

• Klíčová slova
• Keratinocyte cancer, Melanoma, Prevention, Skin cancer, UV-protection, Ultraviolet radiation,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• melanom prevence a kontrola   etiologie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• nádory kůže * prevence a kontrola   etiologie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• nádory vyvolané zářením prevence a kontrola   etiologie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• pigmentace kůže účinky záření   MeSH
• přípravky chránící proti slunci terapeutické užití   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• ultrafialové záření * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency associates with the risk of developing many diseases, including cancer. At the molecular level, vitamin D appears to have an antineoplastic effect. However, the role of vitamin D deficiency in cancer pathogenesis remains unelucidated and numerous studies have resulted in discordant results. This study aimed to determine whether vitamin D deficiency during melanoma diagnosis increases the risk of developing non-cutaneous second primary cancers (SPC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study on 663 patients diagnosed with melanoma between 1 January 2011 and 31 October 2022. The effect of each variable on the development of a subsequent non-cutaneous cancer was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves and differences were assessed by log-rank tests. Cox proportional hazard univariate and multivariate models were used to quantify the effect of each variable in the time to develop a non-cutaneous neoplasia. RESULTS: Out of 663 patients, 34 developed a non-cutaneous SPC. There was no statistically significant association between vitamin D levels and non-cutaneous SPC development (log-rank, p=0.761). Age>60 years, stage III/IV, and nodular melanoma subtype were significantly associated with the development of a SPC. After multivariate analysis, only age>60 years (HR 3.4; HR CI 95%: 1.5-7.6) and nodular melanoma subtype (HR 2.2; HR CI 95%: 1.0-4.8) were included in the final model. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that vitamin D deficiency is not associated with an increased risk of developing non-cutaneous SPC in melanoma patients. However, age over 60 years and nodular melanoma subtype increase the risk for non-cutaneous SPC development.

• Klíčová slova
• Melanoma, Melanoma nodular, Nodular melanoma, Second primary cancer, Segundos canceres primarios, Vitamin D, Vitamina D,
• MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• melanom * epidemiologie   etiologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• nádory kůže * etiologie   komplikace   MeSH
• nedostatek vitaminu D * komplikace   epidemiologie   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• sekundární malignity * epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• vitamin D škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• vitamin D MeSH

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency associates with the risk of developing many diseases, including cancer. At the molecular level, vitamin D appears to have an antineoplastic effect. However, the role of vitamin D deficiency in cancer pathogenesis remains unelucidated and numerous studies have resulted in discordant results. This study aimed to determine whether vitamin D deficiency during melanoma diagnosis increases the risk of developing non-cutaneous second primary cancers (SPC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study on 663 patients diagnosed with melanoma between 1 January 2011 and 31 October 2022. The effect of each variable on the development of a subsequent non-cutaneous cancer was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves and differences were assessed by log-rank tests. Cox proportional hazard univariate and multivariate models were used to quantify the effect of each variable in the time to develop a non-cutaneous neoplasia. RESULTS: Out of 663 patients, 34 developed a non-cutaneous SPC. There was no statistically significant association between vitamin D levels and non-cutaneous SPC development (log-rank, p=0.761). Age>60 years, stage III/IV, and nodular melanoma subtype were significantly associated with the development of a SPC. After multivariate analysis, only age>60 years (HR 3.4; HR CI 95%: 1.5-7.6) and nodular melanoma subtype (HR 2.2; HR CI 95%: 1.0-4.8) were included in the final model. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that vitamin D deficiency is not associated with an increased risk of developing non-cutaneous SPC in melanoma patients. However, age over 60 years and nodular melanoma subtype increase the risk for non-cutaneous SPC development.

• Klíčová slova
• Melanoma, Melanoma nodular, Nodular melanoma, Second primary cancer, Segundos canceres primarios, Vitamin D, Vitamina D,
• MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• melanom * epidemiologie   etiologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• nádory kůže * etiologie   komplikace   MeSH
• nedostatek vitaminu D * komplikace   epidemiologie   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• sekundární malignity * epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• vitamin D škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• vitamin D MeSH

This is an overview of current problematics regarding the role of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in malignant melanomas. Various and often conflicting data have been published, correlating tumor type, stage, prognosis, as well as sex and age of patients. This is partly due to heterogeneity in scaling systems and unstandardized TILs grading but also due to changes of tumor-host interactions. Melanomas are an immunologically heterogeneous group with variability of TILs, where distinct gene expression patterns were found in tumors with absent, and/or non- brisk TIL grade versus brisk TIL grade. However, the presence of TILs alone appears to be inadequate for implicating them as immunologically functional. Further characterisation of TIL phenotype and function is warranted. This especially concerns, evaluation of TILs of the suppressor phenotype but rather than as a prognostic factor, more for prediction of targeted immunotherapy.

• Klíčová slova
• immune check point, melanoma, regulatory lymphocytes, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• melanom etiologie   patologie   MeSH
• nádory kůže etiologie   patologie   MeSH
• tumor infiltrující lymfocyty fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Melanoma is the most serious form of skin cancer causing most of the skin cancer-related deaths. The incidence of melanoma has risen so dramatically over past few years that no other solid or blood malignancy comes close to it in terms of increased incidence. The main problem associated with the treatment of melanoma is low response rate to the existing treatment modalities, which in turn is due to the incomplete response by chemotherapeutic agents and inherent resistance of melanoma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Conventional therapeutic strategies, as well as, recent literature on melanoma have been thoroughly studied. This review summarizes the base of anti-melanoma treatment with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, followed by an account of recent studies which explored the potential of nanotechnology and newer strategies and agents in melanoma treatment. CONCLUSION: Although melanoma is curable if detected in its early localized form, metastatic melanoma continues to be a therapeutic challenge. Metastatic melanoma has a very poor prognosis and conventional therapies have not improved the outcomes of the treatment so far. For this reason, newer combinations of anti-melanoma drugs and newer strategies utilizing nanotechnology have been constantly explored.

• Klíčová slova
• Anti-melanoma, Dacarbazine, Immuno-therapy, Melanoma treatment, Nano-agents, Nanotechnology, Targeted therapy,
• MeSH
• kombinovaná terapie škodlivé účinky   metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• management nemoci MeSH
• melanom diagnóza   etiologie   mortalita   terapie   MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH
• nanomedicína metody   MeSH
• nanotechnologie metody   MeSH
• objevování léků MeSH
• standardní péče MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH

• MeSH
• alopecie farmakoterapie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• melanom etiologie   MeSH
• mezoterapie * MeSH
• nádory kůže etiologie   MeSH
• skalp patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

AIM: An epidemiological cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the association between cutaneous melanoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 40 European countries. METHODS: Incidence rates were obtained from the database of the International Agency for Research of Cancer (IARC). We analyzed age-adjusted and gender-stratified incidence rates for cutaneous melanoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 40 European countries. All European countries included had registration systems that fulfilled the quality criteria of IARC. Normal distribution of the variables was examined using Kolmorov-Smirnov test before calculating their correlations using Pearson's Correlation test. RESULTS: In males, positive correlations were found between cutaneous melanoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma (r=0.14, p=0.38), and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (r=0.64, p<0.001). In females, negative correlation was found between cutaneous melanoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma (r=0.28, p=0.08), however, positive correlation was found between cutaneous melanoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (r=0.72, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings raise the hypothesis about common risk factors for cutaneous melanoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. New epidemiological and genetic studies are needed to identify possible common risk factors.

• Klíčová slova
• Hodgkin's lymphoma, ecological, epidemiology, melanoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma,
• MeSH
• Hodgkinova nemoc epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• maligní melanom kůže MeSH
• melanom epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• nádory kůže MeSH
• nehodgkinský lymfom epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH

BACKGROUND: Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive cutaneous tumors in men and women. The risk of developing a malignant melanoma depends on several external factors along with deregulation of mutual interaction of genotype and phenotype. Nowadays, growing attention is focused on the study of the interactions of the active form of vitamin D3 with its receptor and inhibitory effect of vitamin D3 receptor polymorphisms on multiple signaling pathways involved in proliferative and metastatic processes. OBJECTIVES: This review article addresses the relationship between factors involved in the development of malignant melanoma through Hedgehog signaling pathway (HH). It summarizes current knowledge of malignant melanoma in regard to the role of the active form of vitamin D3 binding to vitamin D3 receptor (VDR), as well as it describes the influence of polymorphisms of VDR on the inhibition of HH. Understanding of these mechanisms and critical assessment of available data is beneficial to both primary and secondary prevention of malignant melanoma particularly by means of chemo -preventive substances.

• MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• melanom etiologie   patologie   MeSH
• nádory kůže etiologie   patologie   MeSH
• polymorfismus genetický * MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• proteiny hedgehog metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory kalcitriolu genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• vitamin D metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• proteiny hedgehog MeSH
• receptory kalcitriolu MeSH
• vitamin D MeSH

The Czech Republic reported one of the highest incidence rate in cutaneous melanoma (CM) in Europe and because this incidence has been increasing, mainly among young people, the main goal of our study was to establish sun exposure behavior risk factors for CM formation and to evaluate whether the young generation of Czechs is exposed to a higher risk of CM than the older generation. A questionnaire-based case-control study was conducted. We obtained 978 completed questionnaires: 216 from patients with CM and 762 from healthy respondents. The healthy individuals were further divided to adolescents (n = 460) and older respondents (n = 302). Three logistic regression models were developed: 1. patients with CM vs. healthy older respondents, 2. adolescents vs. healthy older respondents, and 3. patients with CM vs. adolescents. The main risk factors for all three models were the number of sunburn episodes and the use of the sunscreen in the childhood. The most alarming results for adolescents included: all day sun exposure, including times of maximum risk (11 AM to 3 PM), inadequate use of sunscreen in adulthood, and frequent mountain holidays. Our results show that sun-safety in the young generation is satisfactory, when the responsibility for sun exposure behavior is in the hands of their parents; however, when children become adolescents, they become immune to sun-safety and risk prevention campaigns and their behavior becomes much more risky. Our results further suggest the sun-safety campaigns need to be modified in such a way as to have greater impact and influence on adolescent sun-risk behaviors.

• MeSH
• chování mladistvých MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• melanom epidemiologie   etiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nádory kůže epidemiologie   etiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• přípravky chránící proti slunci terapeutické užití   MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• sluneční spáleniny komplikace   epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• sluneční záření škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• přípravky chránící proti slunci MeSH

AIMS: To provide the first single-center study of a Czech renal transplant program that compares skin cancer risk estimates to the general population. METHODS: We studied a total of 603 patients undergoing renal transplantation at the University Hospital Olomouc Transplant Center between January 1984 and December 2009. The mean time of follow-up was 5.5 years. Three patients were excluded for skin cancer diagnosis before transplant. The cohort was linked with the National Cancer Registry of the Czech Republic. For non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), the observed number of cancers were compared to the expected numbers of NMSC based on national cancer incidence rates stratified by age. The standartized incidence ratio (SIR) was calculated as observed-to-expected ratios. RESULTS: We found a total of 127 cases of skin cancers in 55 patients. 52/55 (94.5%) were patients with non-melanoma skin cancers, 2/55 (3.6%) patients had malignant melanoma, and we uncovered one case of merkel cell carcinoma of the skin (1.8%). There were no cases of Kaposi's sarcoma, cutaneous lymphoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma. For NMSC, the overall SIR was 7.39 (95% confidence interval 5.52-9.70). Thus, skin cancer was the most common malignant condition, representing 64.1% of all malignant tumours detected in study population. CONCLUSION: We confirmed that skin cancer is a major complication in renal transplant recipients. Therefore it is important to increase the intensity of surveillence for these lesions in transplant patients.

• MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• melanom epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• Merkelův nádor epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• nádory kůže epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• transplantace ledvin škodlivé účinky   imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH