Acute bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease of the central nervous system. Its incidence decreases but lethality and sequelae remain high. The early initiation of appropriate treatment is a factor strongly determining the patient´s prognosis. The authors submit the Czech national guideline for diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired acute bacterial meningitis which has to provide clear and simple recommendations for clinicans involved in the care of meningitis in adults and children. The national guideline was based on the European guideline published in 2016 and adapted for the situation in the Czech Republic. It was acknowledged (approved? ratified?) by the Society for Epidemiology and Microbiology and the Society for Medical Microbiology of the Czech Medical Association.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningitida bakteriální diagnostické zobrazování   farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• zdravotní politika MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH

BACKGROUND: Until recently, members of the Cronobacter genus (formerly known as Enterobacter sakazakii) were a relatively unknown cause of nosocomial infections. However, their association with infant infections, particularly through the consumption of contaminated reconstituted infant formula in neonatal intensive care units, has resulted in international efforts to improve neonatal health care. AIM: To investigate current understanding of this emergent group of bacterial pathogens and the steps taken to reduce neonatal infection. METHODS: A literature review was undertaken to determine current knowledge of the Cronobacter genus with respect to recent taxonomic revisions, sources and clinical relevance. FINDINGS: The majority of severe neonatal meningitis infections are associated with one of the 10 Cronobacter spp., the clonal complex known as C. sakazakii sequence type 4. International efforts by the Food and Agriculture Organization-World Health Organization (WHO) to reduce the risk of neonatal infection by this organism have resulted in improved microbiological safety of powdered infant formula (PIF), but revised guidelines for feeding practices have been problematic. In addition, the majority of infections occur in the adult population and the sources are unknown. CONCLUSION: International improvements in the microbiological safety of PIF and advice on feeding practices have focused on improving neonatal health care following the heightened awareness of Cronobacter infections in this particular age group. These measures are also likely to reduce neonatal exposure to other opportunistic bacterial pathogens, but a number of unresolved issues remain with respect to the practicalities of feeding premature neonates safely while following WHO advice.

• Klíčová slova
• Cronobacter, Healthcare infections,
• MeSH
• Cronobacter izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• enterobakteriální infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningitida bakteriální epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• náhražky mateřského mléka MeSH
• nemoci přenášené potravou epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• objevující se infekční nemoci epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zdravotnická zařízení MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is currently the third most frequent pathogen of bacterial meningitis in adults. METHODS: A prospective study of patients with LM meningitis in a Czech tertiary care hospital, carried out from 1997 to 2012. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients were diagnosed with LM meningitis, which was 7% of a total of 440 adult patients with acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) over a 16-year period. Their median age was 63 years, range 26-80 years. Nineteen patients (61%) had underlying immunocompromising comorbidity; 15 patients (48%) were older than 65 years. Fourteen patients (45%) had arterial hypertension. The typical triad of fever, neck stiffness, and altered mental status was present in 21 patients (68%). The median count of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leukocytes was 680/μL, protein level 2.6 g/L, and glucose ratio 0.28. Four patients (13%) died, and nine (29%) survived with moderate to severe sequelae. CONCLUSION: LM meningitis is known to affect immunosuppressed and elderly patients. Arterial hypertension seems to be another important predisposing factor. Clinical symptoms, CSF findings, and disease outcomes, did not significantly differ from other community-acquired ABM in our study, although the CSF leukocyte count was lower. Ampicillin showed good clinical and bacteriological efficacy in the majority of patients.

• MeSH
• ampicilin aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• horečka MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Listeria monocytogenes účinky léků   patogenita   MeSH
• meningitida bakteriální mozkomíšní mok   farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ampicilin MeSH

From 1993 to 2009, there was only one cluster of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) reported in a community of children in the Czech Republic. This exceptional cluster that occurred in a preschool facility is the focus of this report. In response to the announcement of the disease, anti-epidemic precautions were put in place. Neisseria meningitidis isolates were delivered from local laboratories to the National Reference Laboratory for Meningococcal Infections in Prague. Phenotyping was performed there along with multilocus sequence typing. Related factors and microbiological results were analyzed retrospectively. In October 2009, three girls contracted IMD within a period of 1 week in a 42-member group in a preschool facility attached to the elementary school in Starý Plzenec-Sedlec. In relation to three cases of the disease, another 66 people were registered of which 58 underwent a microbiological examination. N. meningitidis was detected in a total of five (8.6 %) people. The National Reference Laboratory for Meningococcal Infections defined the type of the strain to be C: P1.18-1,34-2,38: F1-7: ST-467 (cc269) and penA27. Tests showed the precise identity of all strains obtained from the three sick children and of two strains contracted through contact with the preschool facility. Despite the complete recovery of all patients with no permanent damage, the need for rapid cooperation between clinical sites, diagnostic laboratories, and epidemiologists was confirmed.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningitida bakteriální epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• meningokokové infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• Neisseria meningitidis klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• sepse epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• zařízení denní péče pro děti MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

The authors present the results of analyses of cases of notified bacterial meningitis in Slovakia in 1991-1998, focused on haemophilic meningitis. They demonstrate the ratio of different sources of infection on the development of disease--Haemophilus influenzae 214 cases (13.6%), Streptococcus pneumoniae 183 (11.6%), Neisseria meningitidis 343 (21.8%), other infectious agents 182 (11.5%) and negative cultivations 652 (41.4%). In children aged 0-5 years 668 cases were notified, i.e. 42.4% of the total number (1,574), in other age groups 906 cases, i.e. 57.6%. The mean notified morbidity of haemophil meningitis in 1991-1998 was 0.5/100,000 population. The highest age specific morbidity was in the group of children aged 0-5 years and varied from 2.5/100,000 in 1991 to 7.7/100,000 in 1998.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningitida bakteriální epidemiologie   MeSH
• meningitida hemofilová epidemiologie   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH

Retrospective study of bacterial meningitis cases was performed by analysis of filled questionnaires received from 38 different hospitals located in 27 out of 49 provinces of Poland. Obtained data allowed to indicate that S. epidermidis, N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were the most common bacterial strains isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of meningitis patients during the last five years. Besides data analysis performed, some strains of N. meningitidis (n = 97), H. influenzae (n = 28) and S. pneumoniae (n = 39) isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of meningitis patients hospitalized in different places in Poland sent by cooperating hospital laboratories (1995-1996), were phenotypically characterized. Neisseria meningitidis B:22:P1.14 was the most common isolate phenotype during the investigated time period. Streptococcus pneumoniae of twenty different serological types were isolated. Type 1 was the dominant--18% of strains. All but one Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from cerebrospinal fluid belonged to serological type b. Biotyping showed presence of only two types: I and II, 39.3% and 60.7% of isolates respectively. The sensitivity of collected strains to selected antimicrobial agents (penicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, sulphametoxazol, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, rifampin and erythromycin) used in treatment and prophylaxis of bacterial meningitis was investigated. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined by agar dilution method or with the use of E-tests. All investigated strains but one N. meningitidis, were not resistant to penicillin (MIC < or = 1 microgram/ml).

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• Haemophilus influenzae účinky léků   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningitida bakteriální epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• meningitida hemofilová epidemiologie   MeSH
• meningokoková meningitida epidemiologie   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• Neisseria meningitidis účinky léků   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• pneumokoková meningitida epidemiologie   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• Streptococcus pneumoniae účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Polsko epidemiologie   MeSH

• MeSH
• epidemiologické monitorování MeSH
• erysipel epidemiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• hlášení nemocí metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningitida bakteriální epidemiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• sepse epidemiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• spála epidemiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• Streptococcus pyogenes * klasifikace   MeSH
• streptokokové infekce epidemiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• surveillance populace metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

In 1977-1991 at the Paediatric Clinic in Hradec Králové 43 neonates with bacterial meningitis (BM) were hospitalized. In 31 (72%) risk factors for the development of perinatal infection were detected. The aetiological agent was proved in 40 neonates, most frequently E. coli (46.5%), Streptococcus agalactiae (16.2%), Proteus (11.6%). In the second half of the investigation period (1984-1991) there was a significantly higher ratio of G+ microorganisms, in particular Streptococcus agalactiae. In three neonates the diagnosis of BM was based on a positive cytological finding in cerebrospinal fluid. The total lethality was 60.4%. The lethality was not significantly influenced by early diagnosis and treatment (within 48 hours), correct selection of antibiotic before knowing the cultivation finding and sensitivity. The total incidence of BM during the investigation period in the Faculty Hospital in Hradec Králové was 0.51/1000, in mature neonates 0.36/1000 and 1.8/1000 in neonates with a low birth weight.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningitida bakteriální * diagnóza   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo epidemiologie   MeSH