• Klíčová slova
• Breast, Dynamics, Heterogeneity, Imaging, Mammary gland, Single cell RNA sequencing,
• MeSH
• analýza jednotlivých buněk metody   trendy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikroskopie metody   trendy   MeSH
• mléčné žlázy lidské * cytologie   patologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• mléčné žlázy zvířat * cytologie   patologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nádory mléčné žlázy u zvířat patologie   MeSH
• nádory prsu patologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• úvodní články MeSH
• úvodníky MeSH

The field of mammary gland biology and breast cancer research encompasses a wide range of topics and scientific questions, which span domains of molecular, cell and developmental biology, cancer research, and veterinary and human medicine, with interdisciplinary overlaps to non-biological domains. Accordingly, mammary gland and breast cancer researchers employ a wide range of molecular biology methods, in vitro techniques, in vivo approaches as well as in silico analyses. The list of techniques is ever-expanding; together with the refinement of established, staple techniques in the field, new technologies keep emerging thanks to technological advances and scientific creativity. This issue of the Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia represents a compilation of original articles and reviews focused on methods used in mammary gland biology and breast cancer research.

• Klíčová slova
• Breast, Database, Exosomes, Heterogeneity, Mammary gland, Milk cells, Multiplexing, Organoid,
• MeSH
• biomedicínský výzkum metody   MeSH
• laktace fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mléčné žlázy lidské patologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• mléčné žlázy zvířat patologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• nádory mléčné žlázy u zvířat patologie   MeSH
• nádory prsu patologie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• úvodní články MeSH
• úvodníky MeSH

3D cell culture methods have been an integral part of and an essential tool for mammary gland and breast cancer research for half a century. In fact, mammary gland researchers, who discovered and deciphered the instructive role of extracellular matrix (ECM) in mammary epithelial cell functional differentiation and morphogenesis, were the pioneers of the 3D cell culture techniques, including organoid cultures. The last decade has brought a tremendous increase in the 3D cell culture techniques, including modifications and innovations of the existing techniques, novel biomaterials and matrices, new technological approaches, and increase in 3D culture complexity, accompanied by several redefinitions of the terms "3D cell culture" and "organoid". In this review, we provide an overview of the 3D cell culture and organoid techniques used in mammary gland biology and breast cancer research. We discuss their advantages, shortcomings and current challenges, highlight the recent progress in reconstructing the complex mammary gland microenvironment in vitro and ex vivo, and identify the missing 3D cell cultures, urgently needed to aid our understanding of mammary gland development, function, physiology, and disease, including breast cancer.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D cell culture, Breast, Co-culture, Extracellular matrix, Imaging, Microenvironment, Organoid, Screening, Stromal cells,
• MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace MeSH
• buněčné kultury přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• buněčné sféroidy patologie   MeSH
• epitelové buňky patologie   MeSH
• extracelulární matrix patologie   MeSH
• kokultivační techniky metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mléčné žlázy lidské cytologie   patologie   MeSH
• mléčné žlázy zvířat cytologie   patologie   MeSH
• modely u zvířat MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nádory prsu patologie   MeSH
• organoidy MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Anogenital mammary-like glands (AGMLGs) are nowadays considered a normal component of the anogenital area. Lesions involving AGMLGs are histopathologically very similar to their mammary counterparts, but the information on molecular biological mechanisms in these vulvar/perianal tumors is scarce. Mutations in the PI3K-AKT cascade have been found in hidradenoma papilliferum. The authors studied selected BRCA1, BRCA2, and PIK3CA mutations in series of benign and malignant neoplasms thought to be associated with AGMLGs, including 9 cases of primary extramammary Paget disease, 3 different cases of mammary-type carcinoma (adenoid cystic like, tubulolobular, and invasive ductal like), and 5 cases of hidradenoma papilliferum. No BRCA mutation was detected, whereas 3 neoplasms yielded PIK3CA mutation, including extramammary Paget disease, mammary-type invasive ductal carcinoma, and tubulolobular carcinoma. Our study expands the spectrum of lesions of AGMLGs harboring mutations in genes encoding the PI3K-AKT cascade. Further studies of the whole BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes using a larger cohort are needed to clarify their role in the pathogenesis of AGMLG lesions.

• MeSH
• extramamární Pagetova nemoc genetika   patologie   MeSH
• fosfatidylinositol-3-kinasy třídy I genetika   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• jehlová biopsie MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mléčné žlázy lidské patologie   MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• nádory anu genetika   patologie   MeSH
• nádory vulvy genetika   patologie   MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• protein BRCA1 genetika   MeSH
• protein BRCA2 genetika   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• BRCA1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• BRCA2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• fosfatidylinositol-3-kinasy třídy I MeSH
• PIK3CA protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• protein BRCA1 MeSH
• protein BRCA2 MeSH

Hidradenoma papilliferum (HP), also known as papillary hidradenoma, is the most common benign lesion of the female anogenital area derived from anogenital mammary-like glands (AGMLG). HP can be viewed conceptually as the cutaneous counterpart of mammary intraductal papilloma. The authors have studied 264 cases of HP, detailing various changes in the tumor and adjacent AGMLG, with emphasis on mammary-type alterations. In many HP, the authors noticed changes typical for benign breast lesions, such as sclerosing adenosis-like changes, usual, and atypical ductal hyperplasia. Almost in a third of cases, remnants of AGMLG adjacent to the lesion were evident, manifesting columnar changes reminiscent of those seen in breast lesions. This study shows that the histopathological changes in HP run a broad spectrum comparable with that in the mammary counterpart and benign breast disease.

• MeSH
• akrospirom patologie   MeSH
• anální kanál patologie   MeSH
• biopsie MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mléčné žlázy lidské patologie   MeSH
• nádory análních žláz patologie   MeSH
• nádory potních žláz patologie   MeSH
• nádory vulvy patologie   MeSH
• prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• bazocelulární karcinom patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mléčné žlázy lidské patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• nádory prsu u mužů patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• prsní bradavky patologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

Long considered to be ectopic breast tissue representing the caudal remnants of the milk ridges, anogenital mammary-like glands are nowadays thought to represent a normal constituent of the anogenital area. Lesions involving these glands, benign or malignant, epithelial or stromal manifest a striking similarity to their mammary counterparts. This review addresses the recent literature on lesions of anogenital mammary-like glands and our personal experience with various lesions related to these structures. Discussed are the normal anatomy and histology of these glands as well as the clinical presentation, histopathological and immunohistochemical features, molecular biological aspects, and differential diagnosis of various lesions involving anogenital mammary-like glands, including lactating adenoma, hidradenoma papilliferum, hidradenocarcinoma papilliferum, fibroadenomas, phyllodes tumor, pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, extramammary Paget disease, and other carcinomas. In addition, "nonspecific" epithelial or stromal changes some of which can be likened to similar changes occurring in a range of benign breast disease, including sclerosing adenosis, columnar cell lesions, ductal lesions and various metaplastic changes affecting epithelium and myoepithelium are discussed. Although lesions of anogenital mammary-like glands are often discussed in many dermatopathology textbooks in the context of cutaneous adnexal neoplasms we advocate that the best approach to the diagnosis of these lesions is to relate them to analogous well recognized lesions occurring in the breast, that is, through the eyes of a breast pathologist. This will enable their recognition, precise classification and should introduce greater uniformity in how they are reported in the literature so that more meaningful clinicopathological comparisons and correlations may be made.

• MeSH
• adnexa uteri patologie   MeSH
• akrospirom patologie   MeSH
• cystosarcoma phyllodes patologie   MeSH
• duktální karcinom prsu patologie   MeSH
• extramamární Pagetova nemoc patologie   MeSH
• fibroadenom patologie   MeSH
• laktace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lobulární karcinom patologie   MeSH
• mléčné žlázy lidské patologie   MeSH
• nádory kožních adnex patologie   MeSH
• nádory vulvy patologie   MeSH
• nemoci děložních adnex patologie   MeSH
• vulva cytologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The authors present a series of 13 fibroepithelial neoplasms involving anogenital mammary-like glands, all occurring in 12 female patients, whose age at diagnosis ranged from 30 to 51 years (mean, 38 y; median, 42 y). All women presented with a solitary asymptomatic nodule in the vulva (n=8), perineum (n=2), or near the anus (n=2) ranging in size from 1.5 to 4.5 cm. Microscopically, 8 lesions were classified as fibroadenoma, and 5, including 1 recurrent tumor, as phyllodes tumor, of which 1 was benign and 4 low-grade malignant. In addition to conventional findings, we describe several hitherto unreported features including juvenile fibroadenoma-like proliferation, fibroadenoma with lactation change, and pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia with multinucleated stromal giant cells in a patient with neurofibromatosis, type 1 all constituting potential diagnostic pitfalls, which are best averted by using the same approach to diagnosis as for their analogous mammary counterparts.

• MeSH
• cystosarcoma phyllodes komplikace   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fibroadenom komplikace   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mléčné žlázy lidské metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• nádory anu komplikace   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• nádory ženských pohlavních orgánů komplikace   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• neurofibromatóza 1 komplikace   patologie   MeSH
• obrovské buňky patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Information about new possibilities of early diagnostics in mammary lesions. TYPE OF STUDY: Review. SETTING: Gynecology-Obstetrics Clinic, 1st Medical Faculty and General Teaching Hospital, Prague. SUBJECT AND METHODS: Most malignant tumors of the breast originate from ductal epithelium. A direct examination of the ductal system, could significantly improve diagnostics of breast cancer as well as its preinvasive stages (DCIS) and to influence mortality. The concept of ductal approaches includes several techniques and ductal lavage and duscoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Ductal approaches represent an attractive area for minimal load upon the patients. Specificity and sensitivity of these methods have some limits, which will be subject to change in relation to understanding of carcinogenesis and in a close relation to the knowledge of biomarkers, genomics and proteomics. Ductoscopy appears to be the ideal method for the future due to possibilities of direct visualization of epithelium in combination with biopsy and ductal lavage. It other advantages include minimal invasiveness, minimal risk and the origin of possible complications for the patient.

• MeSH
• cytodiagnostika MeSH
• exsudáty a transsudáty cytologie   MeSH
• intraduktální neinfiltrující karcinom diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mléčné žlázy lidské metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• nádory prsu diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

We present a case of an unusual tumor that occurred in the perianal area of a 64-year-old woman. Clinical investigation revealed no tumor elsewhere. The lesion was removed and the patient is alive without signs of metastasis or recurrence 5.5 years after surgery. Histopathologically, the neoplasm was composed of single-cell cords of uniform round to ovoid cells intermixed with round to elongated tubules showing decapitation secretion at the luminal border. The tubules were mainly composed of a single cell layer, but focally multilayered epithelium (without evidence of myoepithelial cell differentiation) was seen as well as discrete cribriform structures and intraluminal bridges. Overall, the cell cord component slightly dominated over the tubular component, and the two were intermixed. A vague targetoid arrangement of the cell cords was seen focally. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells in both components reacted positively for E-cadherin, 34betaE12, estrogen receptors and progesterone receptor and were negative for HER2/neu (c-erbB-2). There was no evidence of myoepithelial cell differentiation with calponin. We believe that the present case is best classified as mammary type tubulolobular carcinoma and, given the location, the origin in anogenital mammary-like glands most likely.

• MeSH
• adenokarcinom patologie   MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• kadheriny analýza   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lobulární karcinom patologie   MeSH
• mléčné žlázy lidské patologie   MeSH
• nádory anu patologie   MeSH
• receptory pro estrogeny analýza   MeSH
• receptory progesteronu analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kadheriny MeSH
• receptory pro estrogeny MeSH
• receptory progesteronu MeSH