Among Mygalomorphae spiders, the family Idiopidae is the second most diverse, consisting exclusively of trapdoor spiders and is divided into three subfamilies: Arbanitinae, Genysinae, and Idiopinae. The subfamily Idiopinae, distinguished mainly by anterior lateral eyes that project forward, includes 153 species across seven genera, distributed throughout South America, Africa, and parts of Asia. Within this subfamily, the genus Idiops includes the greatest diversity and is the only genus recorded in both the New and Old Worlds. Utilizing a taxon set from the Neotropical and Afrotropical regions, with specimens collected from 1947 to 2021, our study provides the first phylogenomic analysis of the family based on Ultraconserved Elements (UCEs). To assess the monophyly of Idiopinae and Idiops, as well as the relationships among genera within the subfamily, we conducted phylogenetic analyses employing maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference, and coalescent-based methods. The phylogenetic trees reveal that Idiopinae forms a monophyletic lineage, split into two geographically distinct groups: one with African species and the other with Neotropical species. We did not recover monophyly of the genus Idiops; Neotropical Idiops form a monophyletic lineage, while African Idiops species group with Titanidiops, forming a sister lineage to the remaining African Idiopinae. The relationship between the phylogenetic results obtained and the main morphological differences observed among the genera is discussed. Finally, our study challenges the monophyly of Idiopidae by including Neocteniza, which is found to be an independent lineage sister to Ctenizidae and the rest of Idiopidae.
- Klíčová slova
- Afrotropical species, Idiops, Mygalomorphae, Neocteniza, Neotropical species, Ultraconserved Elements,
- MeSH
- Bayesova věta * MeSH
- biologická evoluce MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- pavouci * genetika klasifikace MeSH
- pravděpodobnostní funkce MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Afrika MeSH
- Jižní Amerika MeSH
A new zodariid species, Zodariellum martinae sp. nov. (♂♀), is described from southeastern Kazakhstan. Furthermore, type specimens of Z. mongolicum Marusik & Koponen, 2001 (♂) and Z. schmidti Marusik & Koponen, 2001 (♂♀), along with comparative material of Z. nenilini (Eskov, 1995) (♂♀), have been re-examined and photographed.
- MeSH
- anatomické struktury zvířat anatomie a histologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- pavouci * klasifikace anatomie a histologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- rozšíření zvířat MeSH
- velikost orgánu MeSH
- velikost těla MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Kazachstán MeSH
Spiders are a hyperdiverse taxon and among the most abundant predators in nearly all terrestrial habitats. Their success is often attributed to key developments in their evolution such as silk and venom production and major apomorphies such as a whole-genome duplication. Resolving deep relationships within the spider tree of life has been historically challenging, making it difficult to measure the relative importance of these novelties for spider evolution. Whole-genome data offer an essential resource in these efforts, but also for functional genomic studies. Here, we present de novo assemblies for three spider species: Ryuthela nishihirai (Liphistiidae), a representative of the ancient Mesothelae, the suborder that is sister to all other extant spiders; Uloborus plumipes (Uloboridae), a cribellate orbweaver whose phylogenetic placement is especially challenging; and Cheiracanthium punctorium (Cheiracanthiidae), which represents only the second family to be sequenced in the hyperdiverse Dionycha clade. These genomes fill critical gaps in the spider tree of life. Using these novel genomes along with 25 previously published ones, we examine the evolutionary history of spidroin gene and structural hox cluster diversity. Our assemblies provide critical genomic resources to facilitate deeper investigations into spider evolution. The near chromosome-level genome of the 'living fossil' R. nishihirai represents an especially important step forward, offering new insights into the origins of spider traits.
- Klíčová slova
- Hi‐C, Mesothelae, assembly, chromosome, karyotype, spider silk,
- MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- genom genetika MeSH
- hedvábí genetika MeSH
- jedovatá zvířata MeSH
- pavouci * genetika klasifikace MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- hedvábí MeSH
Disentangling the genomic intricacies underlying speciation and the causes of discordance between sources of evidence can offer remarkable insights into evolutionary dynamics. The ant-eating spider Zodarion nitidum, found across the Middle East and Egypt, displays yellowish and blackish morphs that co-occur sympatrically. These morphs additionally differ in behavioral and physiological features and show complete pre-mating reproductive isolation. In contrast, they possess similar sexual features and lack distinct differences in their mitochondrial DNA. We analyzed both Z. nitidum morphs and outgroups using genome-wide and additional mitochondrial DNA data. The genomic evidence indicated that Yellow and Black are reciprocally independent lineages without signs of recent admixture. Interestingly, the sister group of Yellow is not Black but Z. luctuosum, a morphologically distinct species. Genomic gene flow analyses pinpointed an asymmetric nuclear introgression event, with Yellow contributing nearly 5 % of its genome to Black roughly 320,000 years ago, intriguingly aligning with the independently estimated origin of the mitochondrial DNA of Black. We conclude that the blackish and yellowish morphs of Z. nitidum are long-diverged distinct species, and that the ancient and modest genomic introgression event registered resulted in a complete mitochondrial takeover of Black by Yellow. This investigation underscores the profound long-term effects that even modest hybridization events can have on the genome of organisms. It also exemplifies the utility of phylogenetic networks for estimating historical events and how integrating independent lines of evidence can increase the reliability of such estimations.
- Klíčová slova
- Ancient hybridization, Mitochondrial replacement, Mitonuclear discordance, Phylogenetic networks, Spider genomics, Timing of introgression,
- MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- hybridizace genetická * MeSH
- mitochondriální DNA * genetika MeSH
- pavouci * genetika klasifikace MeSH
- sympatrie * MeSH
- tok genů MeSH
- vznik druhů (genetika) MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- mitochondriální DNA * MeSH
Species traits are essential for inferences on ecology and the evolution of organisms. Spiders are the most abundant and diversified terrestrial predators, playing an important role in a range of ecosystem services. Here, I present datasetse on all traits of zodariid spiders, which are known to be free-living ground-dwellers occurring on all continents (except Antarctica) with the highest species diversity in Australia. I collated the data from published resources. The datasets includes nearly 100 000 trait records on all (90) genera and almost all species (1249) of the family. The majority of the 88 traits collected are morphometric, followed by those relating to ecology, reproduction, and physiology. Morphometric traits were available for the majority of species. Other trait classes were only available for some species. I provide a standardized classification of selected categorical traits (habitat, microhabitat, retreat type, circadian activity, prey, primary defensive, and predators). This is the first complete database of traits of a whole spider family, which is available through the World Spider Trait database.
- MeSH
- databáze faktografické MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- pavouci * klasifikace anatomie a histologie fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- dataset MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Austrálie MeSH
Based on a series of specimens collected between 2021 and 2023, this study presents new data on spiders of Iraqi Kurdistan. Despite the small size of the collection (i.e., 74 specimens), the material was found to include five species new to science, which are described and illustrated in this paper: Dysdera goyzha sp. n. (♂♀; Sulaymaniyah) [Dysderidae], D. kurdistanica sp. n. (♂; Sulaymaniyah) [Dysderidae], Palpimanus garmiyanus sp. n. (♂; Sulaymaniyah) [Palpimanidae], Tegenaria sorani sp. n. (♂; Erbil) [Agelenidae], and Zelotes hazarmerdensis sp. n. (♀; Sulaymaniyah) [Gnaphosidae]. Two families (Cheiracanthiidae; Zoropsidae), eleven genera (Agalenatea Archer, 1951 [Araneidae]; Cheiracanthium C.L. Koch, 1839 [Cheiracanthiidae]; Drassodes Westring, 1851 [Gnaphosidae]; Gibbaranea Archer, 1951 [Araneidae]; Mesiotelus Simon, 1897 [Liocranidae]; Micrommata Latreille, 1804 [Sparassidae]; Porrhoclubiona Lohmander, 1944 [Clubionidae]; Rhysodromus Schick, 1965 [Philodromidae]; Steatoda Sundevall, 1833 [Theridiidae]; Trochosa C.L. Koch, 1847 [Lycosidae]; Zoropsis Simon, 1878 [Zoropsidae]) and 18 species are recorded in Iraq for the first time, and five species are newly reported from the Kurdistan Region.
- MeSH
- anatomické struktury zvířat anatomie a histologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- pavouci * klasifikace anatomie a histologie MeSH
- rozšíření zvířat * MeSH
- velikost orgánu MeSH
- velikost těla * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Irák MeSH
Ninetinae is a group of small to tiny short-legged spiders largely restricted to arid habitats. Among daddy-long-legs spiders (Pholcidae) this is by far the least diverse subfamily but this may partly be a result of inadequate collecting, poor representation in collections or scientific neglect. We build on a large recent collection of the ninetine genus Papiamenta Huber, 2000 from the Leeward Antilles and use cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI ) sequences, extensive scanning electron microscopy data, transmission electron microscopy data and karyotyping to analyse this geographically isolated and poorly known island genus. COI sequences support the split between the two morphologically distinct species on Curaçao but genetic distances between these are surprisingly low (7.4-9.8%; mean 8.6%). The type species P. levii (Gertsch, 1982) may include more than one species but COI and morphology suggest conflicting clade limits. A third species, P. bonay Huber sp. nov. is newly described from Bonaire. Our data on sperm ultrastructure and karyology are puzzling as these suggest different phylogenetic affinities of Papiamenta to other genera. Males transfer sperm as individual sperm (cleistosperm), agreeing with the putative closest relatives as suggested by molecular data, the North American genera Pholcophora and Tolteca . The sex chromosome system (X 1 X 2 X 3 Y ) of P. levii , however, is as in the South American Ninetinae genera Gertschiola and Nerudia but different from the putative closest relatives. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7A6A2E84-3A61-4637-AF6F-0E31A9FA79A8.
- MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
- pavouci * genetika klasifikace MeSH
- respirační komplex IV genetika MeSH
- transmisní elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Genomic data provide unprecedented power for species delimitation. However, current implementations are still time and resource consuming. In addition, bioinformatic processing is contentious and its impact on downstream analyses is insufficiently understood. Here we employ ddRAD sequencing and a thorough sampling for species delimitation in Zodarion styliferum, a widespread Iberian ant-eating spider. We explore the influence of the loci filtering strategy on the downstream phylogenetic analyses, genomic clustering and coalescent species delimitation. We also assess the accuracy of one mitochondrial (COI) and one nuclear (ITS) barcode for fast and inexpensive species delineation in the group. Our genomic data strongly support two morphologically cryptic but ecologically divergent lineages, mainly restricted to the central-eastern and western parts of the Iberian Peninsula, respectively. Larger matrices with more missing data showed increased genomic diversity, supporting that bioinformatic strategies to maximize matrix completion disproportionately exclude loci with the highest mutation rates. Moderate loci filtering gave the best results across analyses: although larger matrices returned concatenated phylogenies with higher support, middle-sized matrices performed better in genetic structure analyses. COI displayed high diversity and a conspicuous barcode gap, revealing 13 mitochondrial lineages. Mitonuclear discordance is consistent with ancestral isolation in multiple groups, probably in glacial refugia, followed by range expansion and secondary contact that produced genomic homogenization. Several apparently (unidirectionally) introgressed specimens further challenge the accuracy of species identification through mitochondrial barcodes in the group. Conversely, ITS failed to separate both lineages of Z. styliferum. This study shows an extreme case of mitonuclear discordance that highlights the limitations of single molecular barcodes for species delimitation, even in presence of distinct barcode gaps, and brings new light on the effects of parameterization on shallow-divergence studies using RAD data.
- Klíčová slova
- Barcode gap, Genomic clustering, Loci filtering, Mitonuclear discordance, Molecular barcodes, Species delimitation,
- MeSH
- buněčné jádro genetika MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- genetické lokusy * MeSH
- genomika MeSH
- mitochondrie genetika MeSH
- pavouci klasifikace genetika MeSH
- populační genetika MeSH
- pravděpodobnostní funkce MeSH
- respirační komplex IV genetika MeSH
- restrikční mapování * MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA * MeSH
- shluková analýza MeSH
- taxonomické DNA čárové kódování * MeSH
- zeměpis MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- respirační komplex IV MeSH
The infraorder Mygalomorphae is one of the three main lineages of spiders comprising over 3000 nominal species. This ancient group has a worldwide distribution that includes among its ranks large and charismatic taxa such as tarantulas, trapdoor spiders, and highly venomous funnel-web spiders. Based on past molecular studies using Sanger-sequencing approaches, numerous mygalomorph families (e.g., Hexathelidae, Ctenizidae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Dipluridae, and Nemesiidae) have been identified as non-monophyletic. However, these data were unable to sufficiently resolve the higher-level (intra- and interfamilial) relationships such that the necessary changes in classification could be made with confidence. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogenomic treatment of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae. We employ 472 loci obtained through anchored hybrid enrichment to reconstruct relationships among all the mygalomorph spider families and estimate the timeframe of their diversification. We sampled nearly all currently recognized families, which has allowed us to assess their status, and as a result, propose a new classification scheme. Our generic-level sampling has also provided an evolutionary framework for revisiting questions regarding silk use in mygalomorph spiders. The first such analysis for the group within a strict phylogenetic framework shows that a sheet web is likely the plesiomorphic condition for mygalomorphs, as well as providing insights to the ancestral foraging behavior for all spiders. Our divergence time estimates, concomitant with detailed biogeographic analysis, suggest that both ancient continental-level vicariance and more recent dispersal events have played an important role in shaping modern day distributional patterns. Based on our results, we relimit the generic composition of the Ctenizidae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Dipluridae, and Nemesiidae. We also elevate five subfamilies to family rank: Anamidae (NEW RANK), Euagridae (NEW RANK), Ischnothelidae (NEW RANK), Pycnothelidae (NEW RANK), and Bemmeridae (NEW RANK). Three families Entypesidae (NEW FAMILY), Microhexuridae (NEW FAMILY), and Stasimopidae (NEW FAMILY), and one subfamily Australothelinae (NEW SUBFAMILY) are newly proposed. Such a major rearrangement in classification, recognizing nine newly established family-level rank taxa, is the largest the group has seen in over three decades. [Biogeography; molecular clocks; phylogenomics; spider web foraging; taxonomy.].
- MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- genom genetika MeSH
- pavouci klasifikace MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
Tarantula urticating setae are modified setae located on the abdomen or pedipalps, which represent an effective defensive mechanism against vertebrate or invertebrate predators and intruders. They are also useful taxonomic tools as morphological characters facilitating the classification of New World theraphosid spiders. In the present study, the morphology of urticating setae was studied on 144 taxa of New World theraphosids, including ontogenetic stages in chosen species, except for species with urticating setae of type VII. The typology of urticating setae was revised, and types I, III and IV were redescribed. The urticating setae in spiders with type I setae, which were originally among type III or were considered setae of intermediate morphology between types I and III, are newly considered to be ontogenetic derivatives of type I and are described as subtypes. Setae of intermediate morphology between that of body setae and type II urticating setae that were found in Iridopelma hirsutum and Antillena rickwesti may provide another evidence that type II urticating setae evolved from body setae. It is supposed that the fusion of barbs with the shaft may lead to the morphology of type II setae. As the type II setae of Aviculariinae evolved independently to the UrS of Theraphosinae and both subfamilies represent two non-sister groups, this should explain the differences in the morphology of body setae in Aviculariinae and Theraphosinae. The terminology of "barbs" and "reversed barbs" was revised and redefined, newly emphasizing the real direction of barbs.
- MeSH
- pavouci anatomie a histologie klasifikace MeSH
- sensilla anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
