Nejvíce citovaný článek - PubMed ID 10704409
Epigenetics has emerged as an important research field for crop improvement under the on-going climatic changes. Heritable epigenetic changes can arise independently of DNA sequence alterations and have been associated with altered gene expression and transmitted phenotypic variation. By modulating plant development and physiological responses to environmental conditions, epigenetic diversity-naturally, genetically, chemically, or environmentally induced-can help optimise crop traits in an era challenged by global climate change. Beyond DNA sequence variation, the epigenetic modifications may contribute to breeding by providing useful markers and allowing the use of epigenome diversity to predict plant performance and increase final crop production. Given the difficulties in transferring the knowledge of the epigenetic mechanisms from model plants to crops, various strategies have emerged. Among those strategies are modelling frameworks dedicated to predicting epigenetically controlled-adaptive traits, the use of epigenetics for in vitro regeneration to accelerate crop breeding, and changes of specific epigenetic marks that modulate gene expression of traits of interest. The key challenge that agriculture faces in the 21st century is to increase crop production by speeding up the breeding of resilient crop species. Therefore, epigenetics provides fundamental molecular information with potential direct applications in crop enhancement, tolerance, and adaptation within the context of climate change.
- Klíčová slova
- DNA methylation, breeding, climate change, epigenomics, memory, plant epigenetics, prediction models, priming,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: The evolution of dioecious plants is occasionally accompanied by the establishment of sex chromosomes: both XY and ZW systems have been found in plants. Structural studies of sex chromosomes are now being followed up by functional studies that are gradually shedding light on the specific genetic and epigenetic processes that shape the development of separate sexes in plants. SCOPE: This review describes sex determination diversity in plants and the genetic background of dioecy, summarizes recent progress in the investigation of both classical and emerging model dioecious plants and discusses novel findings. The advantages of interspecies hybrids in studies focused on sex determination and the role of epigenetic processes in sexual development are also overviewed. CONCLUSIONS: We integrate the genic, genomic and epigenetic levels of sex determination and stress the impact of sex chromosome evolution on structural and functional aspects of plant sexual development. We also discuss the impact of dioecy and sex chromosomes on genome structure and expression.
In plants, genome duplication followed by genome diversification and selection is recognized as a major evolutionary process. Rapid epigenetic and genetic changes that affect the transcription of parental genes are frequently observed after polyploidization. The pattern of alternative splicing is also frequently altered, yet the related molecular processes remain largely unresolved. Here, we study the inheritance and expression of parental variants of three floral organ identity genes in allotetraploid tobacco. DEFICIENS and GLOBOSA are B-class genes, and AGAMOUS is a C-class gene. Parental variants of these genes were found to be maintained in the tobacco genome, and the respective mRNAs were present in flower buds in comparable amounts. However, among five tobacco cultivars, we identified two in which the majority of paternal GLOBOSA pre-mRNA transcripts undergo exon 3 skipping, producing an mRNA with a premature termination codon. At the DNA level, we identified a G-A transition at the very last position of exon 3 in both cultivars. Although alternative splicing resulted in a dramatic decrease in full-length paternal GLOBOSA mRNA, no phenotypic effect was observed. Our finding likely serves as an example of the initiation of homoeolog diversification in a relatively young polyploid genome.
- Klíčová slova
- Alternative splicing, Floral genes, Flowering, Polyploidy, Tobacco,
- MeSH
- alternativní sestřih genetika MeSH
- bodová mutace genetika MeSH
- exony genetika MeSH
- genetická transkripce * MeSH
- homeodoménové proteiny biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- nukleotidy genetika MeSH
- polyploidie MeSH
- prekurzory RNA genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- tabák genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- GLOBOSA protein, plant MeSH Prohlížeč
- homeodoménové proteiny MeSH
- nukleotidy MeSH
- prekurzory RNA MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny MeSH
Developmental processes are closely connected to certain states of epigenetic information which, among others, rely on methylation of chromatin. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) are key cofactors of enzymes catalyzing DNA and histone methylation. To study the consequences of altered SAH/SAM levels on plant development we applied 9-(S)-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-adenine (DHPA), an inhibitor of SAH-hydrolase, on tobacco seeds during a short phase of germination period (6 days). The transient drug treatment induced: (1) dosage-dependent global DNA hypomethylation mitotically transmitted to adult plants; (2) pleiotropic developmental defects including decreased apical dominance, altered leaf and flower symmetry, flower whorl malformations and reduced fertility; (3) dramatic upregulation of floral organ identity genes NTDEF, NTGLO and NAG1 in leaves. We conclude that temporal SAH-hydrolase inhibition deregulated floral genes expression probably via chromatin methylation changes. The data further show that plants might be particularly sensitive to accurate setting of SAH/SAM levels during critical developmental periods.
- MeSH
- adenin analogy a deriváty toxicita MeSH
- adenosylhomocysteinasa antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus MeSH
- DNA primery genetika MeSH
- epigeneze genetická účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- klíčení účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- komplementární DNA genetika MeSH
- květy anatomie a histologie fyziologie MeSH
- metylace DNA MeSH
- neparametrická statistika MeSH
- pyl fyziologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin účinky léků genetika fyziologie MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- Southernův blotting MeSH
- tabák enzymologie fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- 9-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)adenine MeSH Prohlížeč
- adenin MeSH
- adenosylhomocysteinasa MeSH
- DNA primery MeSH
- GLO protein, Nicotiana tabacum MeSH Prohlížeč
- komplementární DNA MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny MeSH
