Epigenetics has emerged as an important research field for crop improvement under the on-going climatic changes. Heritable epigenetic changes can arise independently of DNA sequence alterations and have been associated with altered gene expression and transmitted phenotypic variation. By modulating plant development and physiological responses to environmental conditions, epigenetic diversity-naturally, genetically, chemically, or environmentally induced-can help optimise crop traits in an era challenged by global climate change. Beyond DNA sequence variation, the epigenetic modifications may contribute to breeding by providing useful markers and allowing the use of epigenome diversity to predict plant performance and increase final crop production. Given the difficulties in transferring the knowledge of the epigenetic mechanisms from model plants to crops, various strategies have emerged. Among those strategies are modelling frameworks dedicated to predicting epigenetically controlled-adaptive traits, the use of epigenetics for in vitro regeneration to accelerate crop breeding, and changes of specific epigenetic marks that modulate gene expression of traits of interest. The key challenge that agriculture faces in the 21st century is to increase crop production by speeding up the breeding of resilient crop species. Therefore, epigenetics provides fundamental molecular information with potential direct applications in crop enhancement, tolerance, and adaptation within the context of climate change.

Department of Biology University of Florence 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy

Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Acad Georgi Bonchev Str Bldg 21 1113 Sofia Bulgaria

Department of Molecular Life Sciences Technical University of Munich Liesel Beckmann Str 2 85354 Freising Germany

Faculty of Agriculture University of Novi Sad Sq Dositeja Obradovića 8 21000 Novi Sad Serbia

Faculty of Horticulture Mendeleum Institute of Genetics Mendel University in Brno Valtická 334 69144 Lednice Czech Republic

Institute for Advanced Study Technical University of Munich Lichtenberg Str 2a 85748 Garching Germany

Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences Bower Building University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK

Institute of Plant Sciences Agricultural Research Organization Volcani Center Rishon LeZion 7505101 Israel

Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures INRAE EA1207 USC1328 Université d'Orléans F 45067 Orléans France

Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Institute of Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems Hellenic Agricultural Organization Dimitra 11528 Athens Greece

Plant and AgriBiosciences Centre Ryan Institute National University of Ireland Galway H91 TK33 Galway Ireland

Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas Ramiro Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain

UMR 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale Agronomie et Nutritions N C S UNICAEN INRAE Normandie Université CEDEX F 14032 Caen France

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