Microarrays represent a modern powerful technology, which have potential applications in many areas of biological research and provide new insights into the genomics and transcriptomics of living systems. The aim of this review is to describe the application of microarray technology for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) research. The main focus points include a summary of results obtained for MAP using microarrays, examination of the fields of MAP research which are currently being investigated and possible areas of future research. This article is divided into two parts according to the type of nucleic acid used for array hybridisation. Articles related to MAP research using microarray technology are then divided according to the field of study, such as comparative genome analysis, diagnostics, expression or environmental studies.

• MeSH
• Crohnova nemoc genetika   MeSH
• genomika MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis genetika   MeSH
• paratuberkulóza diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza hybridizací s uspořádaným souborem oligonukleotidů metody   MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

We investigated the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in retail cheeses from Greece and the Czech Republic. We found that 31.7% and 3.6% of our samples reacted positive by PCR and culture, respectively. Consumption of these cheeses is likely to result in human exposure to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, albeit at a low level for viable cells.

• MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• DNA primery MeSH
• elektroforéza v agarovém gelu MeSH
• Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Mycobacterium avium genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sýr mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Řecko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• DNA primery MeSH

Between November 2002 and April 2003, 244 bottles and cartons of commercially pasteurized cow's milk were obtained at random from retail outlets throughout the Czech Republic. During the same period, samples of raw milk and of milk that was subsequently subjected to a minimum of 71.7 degrees C for 15 s in a local pasteurization unit were also obtained from two dairy herds, designated herds A and B, with low and high levels, respectively, of subclinical Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection, and from one herd, herd C, without infection. Infection in individual cows in each herd was tested by fecal culturing. Milk samples were brought to the Veterinary Research Institute in Brno, Czech Republic, processed, inoculated onto Herrold's egg yolk slants, and incubated for 32 weeks. Colonies were characterized by morphology, Ziehl-Neelsen staining, mycobactin J dependency, and IS900 PCR results. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was cultured from 4 of 244 units (1.6%) of commercially pasteurized retail milk. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was also cultured from 2 of 100 (2%) cartons of locally pasteurized milk derived from infected herds A and B and from 0 of 100 cartons of milk from uninfected herd C. Raw milk from 1 of 10 (10%) fecal culture-positive cows in herd A and from 13 of 66 (19.7%) fecal culture-positive cows in herd B was culture positive for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. These findings confirm that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is present in raw milk from subclinically infected dairy cows. The culture of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the Czech Republic from retail milk that had been pasteurized locally or commercially to the required national and European Union standards is in agreement with similar research on milk destined for consumers in the United Kingdom and the United States and shows that humans are being exposed to this chronic enteric pathogen by this route.

• MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• mléko mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• nemoci skotu mikrobiologie   MeSH
• paratuberkulóza mikrobiologie   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie * MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• skot MeSH
• sterilizace metody   MeSH
• vysoká teplota MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA bakterií MeSH