Trematodes of the order Diplostomida are well known as serious pathogens of man, and both farm and wild animals; members of the genus Schistosoma (Schistosomatidae) are responsible for human schistosomosis (schistosomiasis) affecting more than 200 million people in tropical and subtropical countries, and infections of mammals and birds by animal schistosomes are of great veterinary importance. The order Diplostomida is also rich in species parasitizing other major taxa of vertebrates. The "Aporocotylidae" sensu lato are pathogenic in fish, "Spirorchiidae" sensu lato in reptiles. All these flukes have two-host life cycles, with asexually reproducing larvae usually in mollusks and occasionally in annelids, and adults usually live in the blood vessels of their vertebrate hosts. Pathology is frequently associated with inflammatory reactions to eggs trapped in various tissues/organs. On the other hand, the representatives of Diplostomidae and Strigeidae have three- or four-host life cycles in which vertebrates often serve not only as definitive but also as intermediate or paratenic hosts. Pathology is usually associated with migration of metacercariae and mesocercariae within the host tissues. The impact of these trematode infections on both farm and wild animals may be significant.

• Klíčová slova
• Aporocotylidae, Blood flukes, Diplostomidae, Sanguinicolidae, Schistosoma, Schistosomatidae, Skin penetration, Spirorchiidae, Strigeidae, Trematodes,
• MeSH
• infekce červy třídy Trematoda * parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Schistosomatidae genetika   MeSH
• stadia vývoje MeSH
• Trematoda fyziologie   patogenita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: In Europe, avian schistosomes of the genus Trichobilharzia are the most common etiological agents involved in human cercarial dermatitis (swimmer's itch). Manifested by a skin rash, the condition is caused by an allergic reaction to cercariae of nonhuman schistosomes. Humans are an accidental host in this parasite's life cycle, while water snails are the intermediate, and waterfowl are the final hosts. The study aimed to conduct a molecular and phylogenetic analysis of Trichobilharzia species occurring in recreational waters in North-Eastern Poland. METHODOLOGY: The study area covered three water bodies (Lake Skanda, Lake Ukiel, and Lake Tyrsko) over the summer of 2021. In total, 747 pulmonate freshwater snails (Radix spp., Lymnaea stagnalis) were collected. Each snail was subjected to 1-2 h of light stimulation to induce cercarial expulsion. The phylogenetic analyses of furcocercariae were based on the partial sequence of the ITS region (ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, ITS2 and 28SrDNA). For Radix spp. phylogenetic analyses were based on the ITS-2 region. RESULTS: The prevalence of the Trichobilharzia species infection in snails was 0.5%. Two out of 478 (0.4%) L. stagnaliswere found to be infected with Trichobilharzia szidati. Moreover, two out of 269 (0.7%) snails of the genus Radix were positive for schistosome cercariae. Both snails were identified as Radix auricularia. One of them was infected with Trichobilharzia franki and the other with Trichobilharzia sp. CONCLUSIONS: Molecular identification of avian schistosome species, both at the intermediate and definitive hosts level, constitutes an important source of information on a potential threat and prognosis of local swimmer's itch occurrence, and helps to determine species diversity in a particular area.

• Klíčová slova
• Avian schistosomes, Cercariae, Cercarial dermatitis, Trichobilharzia,
• MeSH
• DNA helmintů genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• hlemýždi parazitologie   MeSH
• infekce červy třídy Trematoda parazitologie   veterinární   epidemiologie   MeSH
• jezera parazitologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Schistosomatidae * genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Polsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA helmintů MeSH

Cercarial dermatitis (CD) is an allergic skin disease that rises in consequence of infection by invasive stages (cercariae) of trematodes of the family Schistosomatidae. CD has been considered a re-emerging disease, human cases have been reported from all continents, and tourism-threatening outbreaks occur even in frequented recreational areas. Although the symptoms of CD are generally known, the data on immune response in human patients are sporadic and incomprehensive. In the present study, we attempted to correlate the symptoms, personal history, and time course of CD in human patients with differential cell counts, dynamics of selected cytokines, and dynamics and quality of antibody response. By a systematic follow-up, we obtained a uniquely complex dataset from ten persons accidentally and concurrently infected by the same parasite species in the same locality. The onset of CD was significantly faster, and the symptoms were heavier in participants with a history of CD if compared to naive ones, who, however, also developed some of the symptoms. The repeatedly infected persons had elevated proportion of eosinophils 1 week post exposure (p.e.) and a stronger specific IgG but not IgM response, whereas specific IgE response was not observed. Increased serum levels of IL-4 occurred 1 and 3 week(s) p.e. in all participants. There was high variability in individual immunoblot patterns of IgG response, and no antigen with a universal diagnostic potential was confirmed. The presented analyses suggested that a complex approach can improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of CD, but component data should be interpreted carefully.

• Klíčová slova
• Allergy, Diagnosis, Immunity, Schistosome, Skin, Trichobilharzia,
• MeSH
• dermatitida imunologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby MeSH
• imunoglobulin E krev   MeSH
• imunoglobulin G krev   MeSH
• imunoglobulin M krev   MeSH
• infekce červy třídy Trematoda diagnóza   imunologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• interleukin-4 krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• protilátky protozoální krev   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• rybníky parazitologie   MeSH
• Schistosomatidae imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• IL4 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• imunoglobulin E MeSH
• imunoglobulin G MeSH
• imunoglobulin M MeSH
• interleukin-4 MeSH
• protilátky protozoální MeSH

Cercarial dermatitis (swimmer's itch) is a condition caused by infective larvae (cercariae) of a species-rich group of mammalian and avian schistosomes. Over the last decade, it has been reported in areas that previously had few or no cases of dermatitis and is thus considered an emerging disease. It is obvious that avian schistosomes are responsible for the majority of reported dermatitis outbreaks around the world, and thus they are the primary focus of this review. Although they infect humans, they do not mature and usually die in the skin. Experimental infections of avian schistosomes in mice show that in previously exposed hosts, there is a strong skin immune reaction that kills the schistosome. However, penetration of larvae into naive mice can result in temporary migration from the skin. This is of particular interest because the worms are able to migrate to different organs, for example, the lungs in the case of visceral schistosomes and the central nervous system in the case of nasal schistosomes. The risk of such migration and accompanying disorders needs to be clarified for humans and animals of interest (e.g., dogs). Herein we compiled the most comprehensive review of the diversity, immunology, and epidemiology of avian schistosomes causing cercarial dermatitis.

• MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby MeSH
• hostitelská specificita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci ptáků parazitologie   přenos   MeSH
• parazitární onemocnění kůže epidemiologie   imunologie   parazitologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• ptáci MeSH
• schistosomóza epidemiologie   imunologie   parazitologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH

Cercarial dermatitis (swimmer's itch) is a common non-communicable water-borne disease. It is caused by penetration of the skin by larvae (cercariae) of schistosomatid flukes and develops as a maculopapular skin eruption after repeated contacts with the parasites. The number of outbreaks of the disease is increasing, and cercarial dermatitis can therefore be considered as an emerging problem. Swimmer's itch is mostly associated with larvae of the bird schistosomes of Trichobilharzia spp. Recent results have shown that mammalian infections (including man) manifest themselves as an allergic reaction which is able to trap and eliminate parasites in the skin. Studies on mammals experimentally infected by bird schistosome cercariae revealed, however, that during primary infection, parasites are able to escape from the skin to the lungs or central nervous system. This review covers basic information on detection of the infectious agents in the field and the clinical course of the disease, including other pathologies which may develop after infection by cercariae, and diagnosis of the disease.

• MeSH
• centrální nervový systém mikrobiologie   MeSH
• cerkárie imunologie   MeSH
• dermatitida diagnóza   imunologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• kůže mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• plavání MeSH
• plíce mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Schistosoma MeSH
• schistosomóza komplikace   diagnóza   imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The systematics within the genus Trichobilharzia is complicated. After the description of the type species Trichobilharzia ocellata, the name was routinely used for nearly all European findings of ocellate furcocercariae. T. ocellata was also described from North America and Japan. However, the identity of T. ocellata remains questionable. Comparison of data from the literature showed differences among various T. ocellata isolates and led us to the conclusion that the North American and the Japanese findings are not identical with European T. ocellata. In addition, the description of T. szidati corresponds with the recently reported European T. ocellata isolates. Sequence analysis of the ITS region confirmed that they are identical.

• MeSH
• DNA helmintů genetika   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• intergenová DNA genetika   MeSH
• Lymnaea parazitologie   MeSH
• ptáci parazitologie   MeSH
• Schistosomatidae klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• validační studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Japonsko MeSH
• Severní Amerika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA helmintů MeSH
• intergenová DNA MeSH