S100A11 (calgizzarin), a member of S100 family, is associated with several autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of RA and in the externalization of some S100 family members. Therefore, we aimed to determine the association between S100A11 and NETs in RA. For this purpose, the levels of S100A11 and NETosis markers were detected in the RA synovial fluid by immunoassays. The expression of S100A11 by neutrophils in the RA synovial tissue was assessed. Neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood were exposed to S100A11 or stimulated to release NETs. The levels of NETosis- and inflammation-associated proteins were analysed by immunoassays. NETs were visualized by immunofluorescence. We showed that S100A11 was expressed by the neutrophils in the RA synovial tissue. Moreover, S100A11 in the RA synovial fluid correlated with several NETosis markers. In vitro, S100A11 was abundantly released by neutrophils undergoing NETosis compared to untreated cells (p < 0.001). Extracellular S100A11 increased the secretion of IL-6 (p < 0.05) and TNF (p < 0.05) by neutrophils but did not induce NETosis. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that the release of S100A11 is dependent on NETosis and that extracellular S100A11 augments the inflammatory response by inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines in neutrophils.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• extracelulární pasti metabolismus   MeSH
• interleukin-6 metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neutrofily metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• proteiny S100 metabolismus   MeSH
• revmatoidní artritida metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• synoviální tekutina metabolismus   MeSH
• TNF-alfa metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• IL6 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• interleukin-6 MeSH
• proteiny S100 MeSH
• S100A11 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• TNF-alfa MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are formed by activated neutrophils during the process of NETosis in which the nuclear material is released into extracellular space, including DNA molecules, citrullinated histones, and neutrophil granule enzymes, such as elastase. This material forms networks that are able not only to physically entrap bacteria but also to provide elevated concentration of bactericidal components. Over the last years, it has become clear that NETs can also be formed under numerous sterile inflammatory conditions, i.e., thrombosis, cancer, SLE, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. METHOD: We reviewed studies published until July 2016 to find possible associations between elevated cell-free DNA levels in dialyzed patients and the process of NETosis and its consequences. RESULTS: The process of NETosis, its elevated activation, or impaired clearance provides the link between clinical conditions and elevated levels of cell-free DNA found in plasma after the hemodialytic procedure which itself is able to activate neutrophils via platelets and ROS formation. NETs stimulate thrombosis and endothelial damage, and their formation may contribute to the development of spectrum of comorbidities described in dialyzed patients. CONCLUSION: The study of plasma cell-free DNA levels together with markers of NETosis could contribute to the evaluation of the influence of hemodialysis on the immune system of patients.

• Klíčová slova
• Atherosclerosis, Cell-free DNA, Diabetes, Hemodialysis, NETosis, Neutrophil extracellular trap, Thrombosis,
• MeSH
• dialýza ledvin * MeSH
• extracelulární pasti * MeSH
• komorbidita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• membrány umělé MeSH
• neutrofily MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• membrány umělé MeSH