INTRODUCTION: It is unclear whether adiposity leads to changes in movement behaviors, and there is a lack of compositional analyses of longitudinal data which focus on these associations. Using a compositional approach, this study aimed to examine the associations between baseline adiposity and 7-year changes in physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) among elderly women. We also explored the longitudinal associations between change in adiposity and change in movement-behavior composition. METHODS: This longitudinal study included 176 older women (mean baseline age 62.8 (4.1) years) from Central Europe. Movement behavior was assessed by accelerometers and adiposity was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis at baseline and follow-up. A set of multivariate least-squares regression analyses was used to examine the associations of baseline adiposity and longitudinal changes in adiposity as explanatory variables with longitudinal changes in a 3-part movement-behavior composition consisting of SB, light PA (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) as outcome variables. RESULTS: No significant associations were found between baseline adiposity and longitudinal changes in the movement-behavior composition (p > 0.05). We found significant associations of changes in body mass index (BMI) and fat mass percentage (FM%) with changes in the movement-behavior composition. An increase in BMI was associated with an increase of SB at the expense of LPA and MVPA (β = 0.042, p = 0.009) and with a decrease of MVPA in favor of SB and LPA (β = - 0.059, p = 0.037). An increase in FM% was significantly associated only with an increase of SB at the expense of LPA and MVPA (β = 0.019, p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: This study did not support the assumption that baseline adiposity is associated with longitudinal changes in movement behaviors among elderly women, but we found evidence for change-to-change associations, suggesting that a 7-year increase in adiposity is associated with a concurrent increase of SB at the expense of LPA and MVPA and with a concurrent decrease of MVPA in favor of LPA and SB. Public health interventions are needed to simultaneously prevent weight gain and promote physically active lifestyle among elderly women.

• Keywords
• Compositional data analysis, Exercise, Fatness, Obesity, Sitting, Time-use epidemiology,
• MeSH
• Adiposity * MeSH
• Accelerometry MeSH
• Data Analysis * MeSH
• Body Mass Index MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Longitudinal Studies MeSH
• Prospective Studies MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH

The search for determinants of adiposity gain in older women has become vitally important. This study aimed to (1) analyze the adiposity gain based on the participants' age and (2) determine the prospective associations of baseline intrapersonal, built environment, physical activity, and sedentary behavior variables with the adiposity gain in older women. This was a seven-year prospective study (baseline: 2009 to 2012; follow-up: 2016 to 2019) in older women (n = 178, baseline age = 62.8 ± 4.1 years). Baseline and follow-up adiposity (bioelectrical impedance) and baseline physical activity, sedentary behavior (accelerometers), and intrapersonal and built environment (Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale questionnaire) variables were included. The body mass index (BMI) increment tended to be inversely associated with the women's age (p = 0.062). At follow-up, 48, 57, and 54% of the women had a relevant increase (d-Cohen > 0.2) in their BMI, percentage of body fat, and fat mass index, respectively. The women that spent ≥8 h/day being sedentary were 2.2 times (1.159 to 4.327 CI95%, p < 0.02) more likely to increase BMI (0.82 to 0.85 kg/m2) than non-sedentary women. No built environment variables were associated with seven-year adiposity gain (all ps > 0.05). A reduction in sedentary time should be promoted for adiposity gain prevention and health preservation in older women.

• Keywords
• accelerometer, body mass index, fat mass, neighborhood environment walkability scale,
• MeSH
• Adiposity * MeSH
• Exercise MeSH
• Body Mass Index MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Prospective Studies MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Sedentary Behavior * MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Built Environment MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to use compositional data analysis to: (1) investigate the prospective associations between changes in daily movement behaviours and adiposity among elderly women; and (2) to examine how the reallocation of time between movement behaviours was associated with longitudinal changes in adiposity. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This is a 7-year longitudinal study in Central European older women (n = 158, baseline age 63.9 ± 4.4 years). At baseline and follow-up, light-intensity physical activity (LIPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behaviour were measured by accelerometer and body adiposity (body mass index [BMI], body fat percentage [%BF]) was assessed from measured height and weight and bioelectrical impedance analyser. Compositional regression with robust estimators and compositional longitudinal isotemporal substitution analysis explored if, and how, changes in movement behaviours were associated with adiposity. RESULTS: Over 7 years, the prevalence of obesity in the sample increased by 10.1% and 14.6% according to BMI and %BF, respectively, and time spent in sedentary behaviour increased by 14%, while time spent in LIPA and MVPA decreased by 14% and 21%, respectively. The increase in sedentary behaviour at the expense of LIPA and MVPA during the 7-year period was associated with higher BMI and %BF at follow-up (both p < 0.01). The increase in LIPA or MVPA at the expense of sedentary behaviour was associated with reduced BMI and %BF at follow-up. In our sample, the largest change in BMI (0.75 kg/m2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.37-1.13) and %BF (1.28 U; 95% CI: 0.48-2.09) was associated with longitudinal reallocation of 30 min from MVPA to sedentary behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: We found an association between longitudinal changes in daily movement behaviours and adiposity among elderly women in Central Europe. Our findings support public health programmes to increase or maintain time spent in higher-intensity physical activity among elderly women.

• MeSH
• Adiposity physiology   MeSH
• Time Factors MeSH
• Exercise physiology   MeSH
• Body Mass Index MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Longitudinal Studies MeSH
• Sedentary Behavior * MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Body Composition MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe, Eastern MeSH

BACKGROUND: In older adults, sedentary behaviors increase while physical activity decreases over time following the compositional nature of 24-h behaviors. These changes in movement-related behaviors (MRBs) might be associated with unhealthy weight gain and several health comorbidities. However, information is lacking on how obesity influences longitudinal changes in the composition of MRBs in older adults. Furthermore, the moderating effect of the built environment on prospective associations between obesity and MRBs in older adults is not fully understood. Therefore, using an integrated time-use approach, this study aims to identify prospective associations between obesity and MRBs together with an assessment of the moderating effect of the built environment in elderly women. METHODS: The study was designed as a prospective 7-year follow-up study. It is based on two previous cross-sectional studies that enable the use of participant data (women aged 60+ years, n = 409) as a baseline dataset in the current study. All methods designed for 7-year follow-up are based on previous studies. The data collection comprises device-based measurement of MRBs (ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer), objective assessment of body adiposity (multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis), subjective assessment of the built environment (NEWS-A questionnaire), and other possible confounding factors. Time spent in sedentary behavior, light physical activity, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity will be used as three components in a composition reflecting individual MRBs. In linear multiple compositional regression analysis assessing the prospective association between obesity and MRBs, the 7-year follow-up composition of the three mentioned components represents the dependent variable. The 7-year changes in the percentage of body fat (body adiposity), baseline composition of MRBs, and parameters of the built environment represent regressors. DISCUSSION: This study will use an integrated time-use approach to explore causality from obesity to device-measured behaviors in older women. The design and respective analysis consider the compositional nature of MRBs data and the potential moderating effects of various factors. A comprehensive assessment of causality may help to develop multilevel interventional models that enhance physical activity in older adults.

• Keywords
• Causality, Health risk behaviors, Healthy aging, Regression analysis, Risk factors,
• MeSH
• Adiposity * MeSH
• Exercise * MeSH
• Weight Gain MeSH
• Body Mass Index MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Linear Models MeSH
• Follow-Up Studies MeSH
• Obesity complications   MeSH
• Prospective Studies MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Sedentary Behavior * MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Adipose Tissue metabolism   MeSH
• Research Design MeSH
• Health Behavior * MeSH
• Environment Design * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

This study is the first to use compositional data analysis to investigate movement behaviors of elderly women and their relationships with fat mass percentage (FM%). The focus of the study is on the associations of time reallocations from sedentary behavior (SB) to light physical activity (LIPA) or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with adiposity. Over 400 older adult women were recruited as part of the cross-sectionally conducted measurements of older adults aged 60+ in Central European countries. An accelerometer was used to assess daily movement behaviors. Body mass index (BMI) and fat mass percentage (FM%) were assessed as adiposity indicators using InBody 720 MFBIA. Using LS-regression, we found positive relationships of BMI and FM% with SB (relative to remaining movement behaviors) (p < 0.001 for both), while their relationship with MVPA (relative to remaining movement behaviors) were negative (p < 0.001 for both). The estimated BMI and FM% associated with a 30-min SB-to-MVPA reallocation were reduced by 1.5 kg/m² and 2.2 percentage points, respectively, whereas they were not reduced significantly with the reallocation of 30 min from SB to LIPA. The findings highlight that SB and MVPA, but not LIPA, are significantly associated with adiposity in elderly women. The reallocation of time from SB to MVPA could be advocated in weight loss interventions in older women.

• Keywords
• BMI, Central Europe, adiposity, compositional data analysis, fat mass, movement behaviors,
• MeSH
• Adiposity * MeSH
• Time Factors MeSH
• Exercise * MeSH
• Body Mass Index * MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Sedentary Behavior * MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe epidemiology   MeSH

BACKGROUND: To assess the effect of brisk walking on postural stability, bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition in women over 50 years of age with a sedentary occupation. METHODS: A 10-week walking intervention based on self-regulated brisk walking (BW) to or from work of 30-35 min at least 5 times per week. The research included a total of 104 women (58 women in intervention group). The mean center of pressure (COP) velocity in medial-lateral and anterior-posterior directions, mean total COP velocity with eyes open and closed, BMD of the distal forearm and the calcaneus, body weight, fat mass, and lean body mass were assessed. RESULTS: The BW intervention was completed by 76 % of participants. A significant effect (time × group interaction) was confirmed only in the mean COP velocity in the anterior-posterior direction with eyes closed (F = 7.41, P = 0.008). The effect of BW was not confirmed in BMD, body weight, or body composition. The results indicate that the effect of the intervention is influenced by baseline body mass index in body weight, fat mass and visceral adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS: BW prevents the deterioration of postural stability with eyes closed, which can have a direct effect on reducing the risk of falls under worse spatial orientation and visibility. The presented intervention model is insufficient for weight loss, changes in BMD, or body composition, and its effect should be assessed during a longer period of time. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00007638 , registered March 10, 2015 (retrospectively registered).

• Keywords
• Body composition, Falls, Obesity, Osteoporosis, Pedometer, Walking intervention,
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic performance of body mass index (BMI) and to detect the optimal BMI cutoff points to define adiposity in women of various ages. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 2409 women participated. Fat mass was measured using a multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. The diagnostic performance of BMI to identify adiposity was evaluated using a fat mass percentage cutoff point of ⩾35%. RESULTS: Although 40% of women were overfat, the BMI-based obesity prevalence was 21%. In the total sample, BMI had low overall performance, which resulted in a sensitivity of 51.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 48.7-55.2%) and a specificity of 99.2% (95% CI: 98.7-99.6%). BMI failed to identify overfat women with intermediate BMI ranges. An analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curves of all of the subjects demonstrated that optimal cutoff point corresponded to a BMI value of 26.4 kg/m(2). The diagnostic performance of BMI did not differ as age increased. CONCLUSIONS: BMI has a high specificity but a low sensitivity to detect adiposity, and it fails to identify nearly half of women with excess fat mass. We provide evidence that a commonly used BMI cutoff value to diagnose obesity is too high among women.

• MeSH
• Adiposity MeSH
• Diagnostic Errors statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Electric Impedance MeSH
• Body Mass Index * MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Obesity diagnosis   epidemiology   MeSH
• Prevalence MeSH
• Reference Values MeSH
• ROC Curve MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Sensitivity and Specificity MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic epidemiology   MeSH