A perceived 'lack of time' is consistently the most commonly reported barrier to exercise. However, the term fails to capture the multifaceted nature of time-related factors. Recognising the need for a more comprehensive analysis of 'lack of time' as a barrier to exercise, the aim of this study was to develop the exercise participation explained in relation to time (EXPERT) model. The model was developed through a sequential process including (1) an umbrella literature review of time as a barrier, determinant, and correlate of physical activity; (2) a targeted review of existing temporal models; (3) drafting the model and refining it via discussions between eight authors; (4) a three-round Delphi process with eight panel members; and (5) consultations with seven experts and potential end-users. The final EXPERT model includes 31 factors within four categories: (1) temporal needs and preferences for exercise (ie, when and how long does an individual need/want to exercise), (2) temporal autonomy for exercise (ie, autonomy in scheduling free time for exercise), (3) temporal conditions for exercise (ie, available time for exercise) and (4) temporal dimensions of exercise (ie, use of time for exercise). Definitions, examples and possible survey questions are presented for each factor. The EXPERT model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the multi-dimensional nature of 'time' as it relates to exercise participation. It moves beyond the simplistic notion of 'lack of time' and delves into the complexity of time allocation in the context of exercise. Empirical and cross-cultural validations of the model are warranted.

• Klíčová slova
• Exercise, Health promotion, Physical activity, Preventive Medicine, Sports medicine,
• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• cvičení * fyziologie   MeSH
• delfská metoda * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The aim of this study was to determine whether excessive oxygen uptake (Vo2) occurs not only during exercise but also during recovery after heavy exercise. After previous exercise at zero watts for 4 min, the main exercise was performed for 10 min. Then recovery exercise at zero watts was performed for 10 min. The main exercises were moderate and heavy exercises at exercise intensities of 40 % and 70 % of peak Vo2, respectively. Vo2 kinetics above zero watts was obtained by subtracting Vo2 at zero watts of previous exercise (DeltaVo2). Delta Vo2 in moderate exercise was multiplied by the ratio of power output performed in moderate and heavy exercises so as to estimate the Delta Vo2 applicable to heavy exercise. The difference between Delta Vo2 in heavy exercise and Delta Vo2 estimated from the value of moderate exercise was obtained. The obtained Vo2 was defined as excessive Vo2. The time constant of excessive Vo2 during exercise (1.88+/-0.70 min) was significantly shorter than that during recovery (9.61+/-6.92 min). Thus, there was excessive Vo2 during recovery from heavy exercise, suggesting that O2/ATP ratio becomes high after a time delay in heavy exercise and the high ratio continues until recovery.

• MeSH
• aerobióza fyziologie   MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• cvičení fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kinetika MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• spotřeba kyslíku fyziologie   MeSH
• zátěžový test MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

AIM: The main aim of the article is find benefits of exercise during and after pregnancy. STUDY TYPE: Review article. METHODS: Search for meta-analyzes and system reports in PubMed, JCR, Medline, Scopus databases. RESULT: Regular exercise is associated with a lower risk of macrosomy and caesarean section during childbirth. Depression is a common complication in the prenatal and postnatal period due to increased stress and insufficient social support. Exercise is a potential non-pharmacological therapy. Regular exercise is also associated with lowering blood glucose and improving insulin sensitivity. To optimize weight and overweight, exercise is one of the main parts of treatment. Another therapeutic possibility of using the exercise is to influence the pain in the lumbosacral area and also the pain in the pelvic area. Another variant of exercises are exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor. Exercise of the pelvic floor muscles in the perinatal period is an effective method for preventing postpartum urinary incontinence. CONCLUSION: Exercise is an important part of therapy in the prenatal and postnatal period.

• Klíčová slova
• Exercise, cardiovascular system, depression, exercise, gestational diabetes mellitus, urinary incontinence,
• MeSH
• císařský řez * MeSH
• cvičení MeSH
• inkontinence moči * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pánevní dno MeSH
• poporodní období MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• terapie cvičením MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Exercise addiction is increasingly recognized as a possible threat to athletes' well-being, especially in elite sports. However, research on underlying personality predictors predisposing athletes to exercise addiction remains limited. This study hypothesized several key personality attributes including athletic identity, sport motivation, perfectionism, and neuroticism as possible risk factors of exercise addiction in elite athletes and examined relationships between these personality attributes and symptoms of exercise addiction in 168 Czech elite athletes aged from 18 to 30 years. Results showed that 16.5% of athletes exhibited signs of exercise addiction, while 76.7% were at risk with low symptom severity. Multiple linear regression indicated that neuroticism, introjected regulation, and athletic identity significantly predicted exercise addiction (F(3, 164) = 32.63, p < .001, R2 = .36). These findings underscore the importance of psychological factors in understanding exercise addiction among athletes. The high prevalence suggests discrepancies in diagnosing exercise addiction and inconsistent use of diagnostic tools, necessitating cautious interpretation of the results.

• Klíčová slova
• Exercise addiction, athletic identity, elite sport, neuroticism, perfectionism, sport motivation,
• MeSH
• cvičení * psychologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kompetitivní chování MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• motivace MeSH
• návykové chování * psychologie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• neuroticismus MeSH
• osobnost * MeSH
• perfekcionismus MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• sportovci * psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

PURPOSE: The effect of physical exercise on lipid peroxidation was investigated. METHOD: 27 healthy young adult male subjects were included in this study. Urine samples were collected before and after exercises. Urinary malondialdehyde and creatinine levels (Cr) were measured. RESULTS: Urinary malondialdehyde levels were increased by exercise. While pre-exercise malondialdehyde levels were 5.02 +/- 1.26 nmol/mg Cr, post-exercise levels were 6.13 +/- 1.84 nmol/mg Cr (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings indicated that physical exercise induced lipid peroxidation.

• MeSH
• cvičení fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kreatinin moč   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• malondialdehyd moč   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• peroxidace lipidů * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kreatinin MeSH
• malondialdehyd MeSH

The study deals with the subject of exercise in diabetic patients, with particular emphasis on acute physical stress in type--I and type--II diabetics. The principal task was to define metabolic changes as they occur in the diabetic subjected to acute stress induced by exercise, in comparison with non-diabetics; metabolic changes during prolonged stress as well as during the period of rest; and finally, to propose, on the basis of authors' experimental results and detailed literature research, appropriate rules of procedure for prescriptive exercise for the individual patient. There were 120 subjects divided into 8 groups. Using primarily a bicycle ergometer, the members of the individual groups were subjected to physical stress of various intensity and duration. A detailed analysis of each subject's metabolic response was performed, involving an assessment of 35 physiological and biochemical parameters, with main focus on determining biochemical changes. The study results are presented in detail both with respect to the metabolic response to a given stress in individual groups and comparatively for individual parameters with regard to specific stress rates and groups. Significant differences were found in the metabolic responses concerning the following parameters: acid-base balance, potassium, triglycerols, glucose, cholesterol, FFA, free glycerol, lactate, uric acid. On the basis of the results of experimental measurements, the following algorithm has been designed for prescribing exercise to diabetics: appropriate motivation; determination of the type of exercise; determination of the intensity of exercise; determination of the duration of exercise; respecting related contraindications and complications. A conclusion has been made that provided all possible risks and contraindications as well as prescription guidelines are respected, exercise is to be considered one of the basic principles of diabetes management.

• MeSH
• acidobazická rovnováha MeSH
• diabetes mellitus metabolismus   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fyziologický stres metabolismus   MeSH
• hormony metabolismus   MeSH
• krevní glukóza metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipidy krev   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• svalová kontrakce MeSH
• svaly metabolismus   MeSH
• tělesná námaha * MeSH
• terapie cvičením MeSH
• zátěžový test MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hormony MeSH
• krevní glukóza MeSH
• lipidy MeSH

Stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR) and arterio-venous O2 difference (a-vO2diff) responses to heavy and severe-intensity exercise have been well documented; however, there is a lack of information on the SV, HR and a v-O2diff responses of work rates within extreme exercise domain. The aim of this study was, therefore, to focus on central and peripheral components of VO2 responses to exercises performed within the heavy, severe and extreme exercise domain. Eight well-trained male cyclists participated in this study. Maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) and corresponding work rate (P@VO2max) were determined by multisession constant work rate exercises. Cardiovascular responses to exercises were evaluated by nitrous-oxide rebreathing method with work rates from 40 % to 160 % of P@VO2max, VO2max corresponded to 324+/-39.4 W; however, maximal SV responses occurred at 205+/-54.3 W (p<0.01). Maximal cardiac output (Q), HR, and a vO2diff responses were revealed by the P@VO2max. VO2 response to exercise significantly decreased from severe-intense exercises to the first work rate of extreme exercise domain due to significant decreases in Q, SV, and HR responses (p<0.05), except a v-O2diff (p>0.05). Moreover, non-significant decreases in Q, SV, and a v-O2diff were evaluated as response to increase in work rate belonging to extreme work rates (p>0.05), except the HR (p<0.05). Work rates within the lower district of the extreme exercise domain have an important potential to improve peripheral component of VO2, while the P@VO2max seems the most appropriate intensity for aerobic endurance development as it maximizes the central component of VO2max.

• MeSH
• cvičení * fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• minutový srdeční výdej fyziologie   MeSH
• spotřeba kyslíku * fyziologie   MeSH
• srdeční frekvence MeSH
• tepový objem fyziologie   MeSH
• terapie cvičením MeSH
• zátěžový test MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Intense exercise during childhood and adolescence may result in primary amenorrhea and low peak bone mineral density (BMD). After puberty, exercise may result in secondary amenorrhea and bone loss. Higher BMD in amenorrheic athletes than amenorrheic sedentary persons suggests that exercise may partly offsets the effects of amenorrhea. To examine this possibility, we measured BMD (g/cm2) by dual x-ray absorptiometry in 32 ballet dancer and 23 healthy controls of comparable age with regular menstrual cycles, 34 pre-pubertal female gymnasts bone age 8.9 +/- 0.2 years and 37 girls matched by bone age. Dancers had normal BMD at the weight bearing sites, not low, despite having oligomenorrhea, not high despite 32 hours of week dancing. BMD was lower by 4-6 percent at the non-weight bearing sites. BMD diminished in the dancers at the weight bearing femoral neck (r = -0.29, P = 0.1) and trochanter (r = -0.31, P = 0.09), and at the non-weight bearing arms (r = -0.29, P = 0.09) with increasing duration of amenorrhea. Dancers with less than 40 months amenorrhea had 5 to 7% higher BMD at the weight bearing, but not non-weight bearing sites. Dancers with more than 40 months amenorrhea had normal, not higher BMD at weight bearing sites and deficits of about 5 percent at non-weight bearing sites. In gymnasts, BMD was 10-15 percent (or 1 SD) higher than the bone age-predicted mean. Exercise may not offset the effects of amenorrhea. Bone loss may continue but from a higher level, perhaps attained prior puberty.

• MeSH
• cvičení fyziologie   MeSH
• kostní denzita * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• oligomenorea metabolismus   MeSH
• osteoporóza prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• růst fyziologie   MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal problems worldwide. Even though regular exercise is recommended as the primary conservative approach in treating this condition, significant part of patients lead sedentary lifestyle. Motivation to exercise is one of the variables that effects the adherence of exercise-based treatments. This study aimed to characterize the motives for exercise, as posited by self-determination theory, in persons with CLBP, and to identify subgroups (clusters) of motivational profiles in combination with socioeconomic and clinical characteristics using k-means cluster analysis. METHODS: Data were collected between September 2022 and September 2023. A total of 103 adults with CLBP completed the paper-pencil Exercise Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ-E) and provided self-reported measures on anthropometric and socio-economic characteristics. Inclusion criteria were age (≥ 18 years) and non-specific CLBP (lasting longer than 12 weeks). Exclusion criteria included specific lumbar spine pathology (e.g., fracture, cancer), worsening neurological symptoms, recent injection therapy (within 3 months), and current alcohol or drug misuse. RESULTS: Three distinct motivational clusters were identified among the 103 participants: two clusters were characterized by predominantly autonomous motivation (moderately motivated cluster: 31.1%; highly motivated cluster: 54.4%), while one cluster (controlled convinced cluster: 14.6%) showed a higher level of controlled motivation. Associations were observed between the controlled cluster and factors such as higher disability scores, longer duration of pain, greater number of completed physiotherapy sessions, and elevated BMI. Notably, the controlled motivation cluster was linked with poorer clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides insights into the exercise motivation of patients with CLBP, revealing that while most patients were primarily autonomously motivated, a notable subgroup exhibited lower, controlled motivation. The presence of controlled motivation was associated with worse functioning, longer pain duration, and increased utilization of physiotherapy services. Although these findings suggest a link between motivational profiles and clinical outcomes, the cross-sectional design limits causal inferences. Further research is needed to explore these relationships longitudinally. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.Gov Identifier: NCT05512338 (22.8.2022, NCT05512338).

• Klíčová slova
• Chronic low back pain, Exercise motivation, Physiotherapy adherence, Self-determination theory,
• MeSH
• chronická bolest * psychologie   terapie   MeSH
• cvičení * psychologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lumbalgie * psychologie   terapie   MeSH
• motivace * MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• terapie cvičením * psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

This study focuses on the determination of the vagal threshold (Tva) during exercise with increasing intensity in normoxia and normobaric hypoxia. The experimental protocol was performed by 28 healthy men aged 20 to 30 years. It included three stages of exercise on a bicycle ergometer with a fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) 20.9% (normoxia), 17.3% (simulated altitude ~1500 m), and 15.3% (~2500 m) at intensity associated with 20% to 70% of the maximal heart rate reserve (MHRR) set in normoxia. Tva level in normoxia was determined at exercise intensity corresponding with (M ± SD) 45.0 ± 5.6% of MHRR. Power output at Tva (POth), representing threshold exercise intensity, decreased with increasing degree of hypoxia (normoxia: 114 ± 29 W; FiO2 = 17.3%: 110 ± 27 W; FiO2 = 15.3%: 96 ± 32 W). Significant changes in POth were observed with FiO2 = 15.3% compared to normoxia (p = 0.007) and FiO2 = 17.3% (p = 0.001). Consequentially, normoxic %MHRR adjusted for hypoxia with FiO2 = 15.3% was reduced to 39.9 ± 5.5%. Considering the convenient altitude for exercise in hypoxia, POth did not differ excessively between normoxic conditions and the simulated altitude of ~1500 m, while more substantial decline of POth occurred at the simulated altitude of ~2500 m compared to the other two conditions.

• Klíčová slova
• autonomic nervous system, exercise intensity, saturation, simulated altitude, vagal withdrawal,
• MeSH
• cvičení * fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hypoxie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nadmořská výška MeSH
• spotřeba kyslíku * MeSH
• zátěžový test MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH