PURPOSE: This study evaluated the ability of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and 18F-Fluorothymidine (FLT) imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) to measure early response to endocrine therapy from baseline to just prior to surgical resection in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast tumors. METHODS: In two separate studies, women with early stage ER+ breast cancer underwent either paired FDG-PET (n = 22) or FLT-PET (n = 27) scans prior to endocrine therapy and again in the pre-operative setting. Tissue samples for Ki-67 were taken for all patients both prior to treatment and at the time of surgery. RESULTS: FDG maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) declined in 19 of 22 lesions (mean 17% (range -45 to 28%)). FLT SUVmax declined in 24 of 27 lesions (mean 26% (range -77 to 7%)). The Ki-67 index declined in both studies, from pre-therapy (mean 23% (range 1 to 73%)) to surgery [mean 8% (range < 1 to 41%)]. Pre- and post-therapy PET measures showed strong rank-order agreement with Ki-67 percentages for both tracers; however, the percent change in FDG or FLT SUVmax did not demonstrate a strong correlation with Ki-67 index change or Ki-67 at time of surgery. CONCLUSIONS: A window-of-opportunity approach using PET imaging to assess early response of breast cancer therapy is feasible. FDG and FLT-PET imaging following a short course of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy demonstrated measurable changes in SUVmax in early stage ER+ positive breast cancers. The percentage change in FDG and FLT-PET uptake did not correlate with changes in Ki-67; post-therapy SUVmax for both tracers was significantly associated with post-therapy Ki-67, an established predictor of endocrine therapy response.

• Klíčová slova
• Aromatase inhibitors, ER+ breast cancer, FDG-PET, FLT-PET, Ki-67,
• MeSH
• antigen Ki-67 metabolismus   MeSH
• dideoxynukleosidy terapeutické užití   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fluorodeoxyglukosa F18 terapeutické užití   MeSH
• inhibitory aromatasy terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mastektomie MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery metabolismus   MeSH
• nádory prsu diagnostické zobrazování   farmakoterapie   metabolismus   chirurgie   MeSH
• neoadjuvantní terapie MeSH
• pozitronová emisní tomografie MeSH
• radiofarmaka terapeutické užití   MeSH
• receptory pro estrogeny metabolismus   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alovudine MeSH Prohlížeč
• antigen Ki-67 MeSH
• dideoxynukleosidy MeSH
• fluorodeoxyglukosa F18 MeSH
• inhibitory aromatasy MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH
• radiofarmaka MeSH
• receptory pro estrogeny MeSH

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) may overcome endocrine resistance in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) metastatic breast cancer. We tested whether 18F-fluoroestradiol PET imaging would elucidate the pharmacodynamics of combination HDACIs and endocrine therapy. Methods: Patients with ER+/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative metastatic breast cancer with prior clinical benefit from endocrine therapy but later progression on aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy were given vorinostat (400 mg daily) sequentially or simultaneously with AI. 18F-fluoroestradiol PET and 18F-FDG PET scans were performed at baseline, week 2, and week 8. Results: Eight patients were treated sequentially, and then 15 simultaneously. Eight patients had stable disease at week 8, and 6 of these 8 patients had more than 6 mo of stable disease. Higher baseline 18F-fluoroestradiol uptake was associated with longer progression-free survival. 18F-fluoroestradiol uptake did not systematically increase with vorinostat exposure, indicating no change in regional ER estradiol binding, and 18F-FDG uptake did not show a significant decrease, as would have been expected with tumor regression. Conclusion: Simultaneous HDACIs and AI dosing in patients with cancer resistant to AI alone showed clinical benefit (6 or more months without progression) in 4 of 10 evaluable patients. Higher 18F-fluoroestradiol PET uptake identified patients likely to benefit from combination therapy, but vorinostat did not change ER expression at the level of detection of 18F-fluoroestradiol PET.

• Klíčová slova
• ER+ breast cancer, FES, estrogen receptors, metastatic breast cancer, vorinostat,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• estradiol analogy a deriváty   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metastázy nádorů MeSH
• nádory prsu diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
• pozitronová emisní tomografie * MeSH
• receptor erbB-2 metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory pro estrogeny metabolismus   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• vorinostat farmakologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky, fáze II MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 16-fluoroestradiol MeSH Prohlížeč
• ERBB2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• estradiol MeSH
• receptor erbB-2 MeSH
• receptory pro estrogeny MeSH
• vorinostat MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor with antiangiogenic/antiproliferative activity. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial, we assessed first- or second-line capecitabine with sorafenib or placebo in patients with locally advanced/metastatic HER2-negative breast cancer resistant to a taxane and anthracycline and with known estrogen/progesterone receptor status. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 537 patients were randomized to capecitabine 1000 mg/m2 orally twice per day for days 1 to 14 every 21 days with oral sorafenib 600 mg/d or placebo. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Patients were stratified according to hormone receptor status, previous chemotherapies for metastatic breast cancer, and geographic region. RESULTS: Treatment with sorafenib with capecitabine, compared with capecitabine with placebo, did not prolong median PFS (5.5 vs. 5.4 months; hazard ratio [HR], 0.973; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.779-1.217; P = .811) or overall survival (OS; 18.9 vs. 20.3 months; HR, 1.195; 95% CI, 0.943-1.513; P = .140); or enhance overall response rate (ORR; 13.5% vs. 15.5%; P = .515). Any grade toxicities (sorafenib vs. placebo) included palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (PPES; 79.2% vs. 59.6%), diarrhea (47.3% vs. 37.8%), mucosal inflammation (15.4% vs. 6.7%), and hypertension (26.2% vs. 5.6%). Grade 3/4 toxicities included PPES (15.4% vs. 7.1%), diarrhea (4.2% vs. 6.4%), and vomiting (3.5% vs. 0.7%). CONCLUSION: The combination of sorafenib with capecitabine did not improve PFS, OS, or ORR in patients with HER2-negative advanced breast cancer. Rates of Grade 3 toxicities were higher in the sorafenib arm.

• Klíčová slova
• Hormone-receptor status, Multikinase inhibitor, Overall survival, Progression-free survival, Raf kinases,
• MeSH
• antracykliny farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• aplikace orální MeSH
• capecitabinum terapeutické užití   MeSH
• chemorezistence MeSH
• dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
• fenylmočovinové sloučeniny terapeutické užití   MeSH
• hypertenze chemicky indukované   epidemiologie   MeSH
• Kaplanův-Meierův odhad MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory prsu farmakoterapie   patologie   MeSH
• niacinamid analogy a deriváty   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• placebo MeSH
• přemostěné cyklické sloučeniny farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• přežití bez známek nemoci MeSH
• protokoly protinádorové kombinované chemoterapie terapeutické užití   MeSH
• průjem chemicky indukované   epidemiologie   MeSH
• receptor erbB-2 metabolismus   MeSH
• rozvrh dávkování léků MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sorafenib MeSH
• syndrom ruka-noha epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• taxoidy farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky, fáze III MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antracykliny MeSH
• capecitabinum MeSH
• ERBB2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• fenylmočovinové sloučeniny MeSH
• niacinamid MeSH
• placebo MeSH
• přemostěné cyklické sloučeniny MeSH
• receptor erbB-2 MeSH
• sorafenib MeSH
• taxane MeSH Prohlížeč
• taxoidy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is a promising approach to overcome resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer. Pictilisib is an oral inhibitor of multiple PI3K isoforms. The aim of this study is to establish if addition of pictilisib to fulvestrant can improve progression-free survival in oestrogen receptor-positive, endocrine-resistant breast cancer. METHODS: In this two-part, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study, we recruited postmenopausal women aged 18 years or older with oestrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer resistant to treatment with an aromatase inhibitor in the adjuvant or metastatic setting, from 123 medical centres across 21 countries. Part 1 included patients with or without PIK3CA mutations, whereas part 2 included only patients with PIK3CA mutations. Patients were randomly allocated (1:1 in part 1 and 2:1 in part 2) via a computer-generated hierarchical randomisation algorithm to daily oral pictilisib (340 mg in part 1 and 260 mg in part 2) or placebo starting on day 15 of cycle 1, plus intramuscular fulvestrant 500 mg on day 1 and day 15 of cycle 1 and day 1 of subsequent cycles in both groups. In part 1, we stratified patients by presence or absence of PIK3CA mutation, primary or secondary aromatase inhibitor resistance, and measurable or non-measurable disease. In part 2, we stratified patients by previous aromatase inhibitor treatment for advanced or metastatic disease or relapse during or within 6 months of an aromatase inhibitor treatment in the adjuvant setting and measurable or non-measurable disease. All patients and those administering treatment and assessing outcomes were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival in the intention-to-treat population for both parts 1 and 2 and also separately in patients with PIK3CA-mutated tumours in part 1. Tumour assessment (physical examination and imaging scans) was investigator-assessed and done at screening and after 8 weeks, 16 weeks, 24 weeks, and 32 weeks of treatment from day 1 of cycle 1 and every 12 weeks thereafter. We assessed safety in as-treated patients who received at least one dose of study medication. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01437566. FINDINGS: In part 1, between Sept 27, 2011, and Jan 11, 2013, we randomly allocated 168 patients to the pictilisib (89 [53%]) or placebo (79 [47%]) group. In part 2, between March 18, 2013, and Jan 2, 2014, we randomly allocated 61 patients to the pictilisib (41 [67%]) or placebo (20 [33%]) group. In part 1, we found no difference in median progression-free survival between the pictilisib (6·6 months [95% CI 3·9-9·8]) and placebo (5·1 months [3·6-7·3]) group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·74 [95% CI 0·52-1·06]; p=0·096). We also found no difference when patients were analysed according to presence (pictilisib 6·5 months [95% CI 3·7-9·8] vs placebo 5·1 months [2·6-10·4]; HR 0·73 [95% CI 0·42-1·28]; p=0·268) or absence (5·8 months [3·6-11·1] vs 3·6 months [2·8-7·3]; HR 0·72 [0·42-1·23]; p=0·23) of PIK3CA mutation. In part 2, we also found no difference in progression-free survival between groups (5·4 months [95% CI 3·8-8·3] vs 10·0 months [3·6-13·0]; HR 1·07 [95% CI 0·53-2·18]; p=0·84). In part 1, grade 3 or worse adverse events occurred in 54 (61%) of 89 patients in the pictilisib group and 22 (28%) of 79 in the placebo group. 19 serious adverse events related to pictilisib treatment were reported in 14 (16%) of 89 patients. Only one (1%) of 79 patients reported treatment-related serious adverse events in the placebo group. In part 2, grade 3 or worse adverse events occurred in 15 (36%) of 42 patients in the pictilisib group and seven (37%) of 19 patients in the placebo group. Four serious adverse events related to pictilisib treatment were reported in two (5%) of 42 patients. One treatment-related serious adverse event occurred in one (5%) of 19 patients in the placebo group. INTERPRETATION: Although addition of pictilisib to fulvestrant did not significantly improve progression-free survival, dosing of pictilisib was limited by toxicity, potentially limiting its efficacy. For future assessment of PI3K inhibition as an approach to overcome resistance to hormonal therapy, inhibitors with greater selectivity than that of pictilisib might be needed to improve tolerability and potentially increase efficacy. No further investigation of pictilisib in this setting is ongoing. FUNDING: F Hoffmann-La Roche.

• MeSH
• antagonisté estrogenového receptoru terapeutické užití   MeSH
• chemorezistence účinky léků   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
• estradiol analogy a deriváty   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• fulvestrant MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lokální recidiva nádoru farmakoterapie   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• míra přežití MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery metabolismus   MeSH
• nádory prsu farmakoterapie   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• receptor erbB-2 metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory pro estrogeny antagonisté a inhibitory   metabolismus   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• staging nádorů MeSH
• záchranná terapie * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky, fáze II MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antagonisté estrogenového receptoru MeSH
• estradiol MeSH
• fulvestrant MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH
• receptor erbB-2 MeSH
• receptory pro estrogeny MeSH

Epidemiological studies have revealed that high consumption of soy products is associated with low incidences of hormone-dependent cancers, including breast and prostate cancer. Soybeans contain large amounts of isoflavones, such as the genistein and daidzain. Previously, it has been demonstrated that genistein, one of the predominant soy isoflavones, can inhibit several steps involved in carcinogenesis. It is suggested that genistein possesses pleiotropic molecular mechanisms of action including inhibition of tyrosine kinases, DNA topoisomerase II, 5α-reductase, galectin-induced G2/M arrest, protein histidine kinase, and cyclin-dependent kinases, modulation of different signaling pathways associated with the growth of cancer cells (e.g., NF-κB, Akt, MAPK), etc. Moreover, genistein is also a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Uncontrolled angiogenesis is considered as a key step in cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis. Genistein was found to inhibit angiogenesis through regulation of multiple pathways, such as regulation of VEGF, MMPs, EGFR expressions and NF-κB, PI3-K/Akt, ERK1/2 signaling pathways, thereby causing strong antiangiogenic effects. This review focuses on the antiangiogenic properties of soy isoflavonoids and examines their possible underlying mechanisms.

• Klíčová slova
• angiogenesis, breast cancer, galectins, genistein, soy,
• MeSH
• genistein chemie   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Glycine max chemie   MeSH
• inhibitory angiogeneze chemie   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• isoflavony chemie   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory prsu krevní zásobení   farmakoterapie   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• patologická angiogeneze farmakoterapie   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• prsy krevní zásobení   účinky léků   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• signální transdukce účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• genistein MeSH
• inhibitory angiogeneze MeSH
• isoflavony MeSH