The acronym ESKAPE refers to a group of bacteria consisting of Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. They are important in human medicine as pathogens that show increasing resistance to commonly used antibiotics; thus, the search for new effective bactericidal agents is still topical. One of the possible alternatives is the use of non-thermal plasma (NTP), a partially ionized gas with the energy stored particularly in the free electrons, which has antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects. Its mechanism of action includes the formation of pores in the bacterial membranes; therefore, resistance toward it is not developed. This paper focuses on the current overview of literature describing the use of NTP as a new promising tool against ESKAPE bacteria, both in planktonic and biofilm forms. Thus, it points to the fact that NTP treatment can be used for the decontamination of different types of liquids, medical materials, and devices or even surfaces used in various industries. In summary, the use of diverse experimental setups leads to very different efficiencies in inactivation. However, Gram-positive bacteria appear less susceptible compared to Gram-negative ones, in general.

• Klíčová slova
• antibiofilm activity, antibiotic resistance, bacterial inactivation, biofilm inactivation, corona discharge, dielectric barrier discharge, plasma jet,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The aac(6')-Ih gene encoding aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase type I subtype h [AAC(6')-Ih] is plasmid-borne in Acinetobacter baumannii where it confers high-level amikacin resistance, but its origin remains unknown. We searched for the gene in the genomes of a collection of 133 Acinetobacter spp. and studied its species specificity, expression and dissemination. METHODS: Gene copy number was determined by quantitative PCR, expression by quantitative RT-PCR, MIC by microdilution and transfer by plasmid mobilization. RESULTS: The aac(6')-Ih gene was present in the chromosome of the two Acinetobacter gyllenbergii of the collection and was detected in all seven A. gyllenbergii clinical isolates. They had indistinguishable flanking regions indicating that the gene was intrinsic to this species. A. baumannii PIS Aba23 promoters were provided by insertion of ISAba23, which disrupted the Pnative promoter in A. gyllenbergii. Both types of promoters were similarly potent in Escherichia coli and A. baumannii. Aminoglycoside MICs for A. baumannii harbouring pIP1858 were higher than for A. gyllenbergii due to gene dosage. The non-self-transferable plasmid could be mobilized to other A. baumannii cells by the broad host range plasmid RP4. CONCLUSIONS: We have found the origin of aac(6')-Ih in A. gyllenbergii, a species isolated, although rarely, in humans, and documented that dissemination of this gene is restricted to the Acinetobacter genus.

• MeSH
• acetyltransferasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Acinetobacter baumannii klasifikace   účinky léků   enzymologie   genetika   MeSH
• aminoglykosidy metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• antibakteriální látky metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence * MeSH
• genová dávka MeSH
• infekce bakteriemi rodu Acinetobacter mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• plazmidy analýza   MeSH
• přenos genů horizontální MeSH
• promotorové oblasti (genetika) MeSH
• transpozibilní elementy DNA MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• acetyltransferasy MeSH
• aminoglycoside N(6')-acetyltransferase MeSH Prohlížeč
• aminoglykosidy MeSH
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• transpozibilní elementy DNA MeSH

• MeSH
• Acinetobacter chemie   klasifikace   MeSH
• bakteriologické techniky metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• proteom analýza   MeSH
• spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• proteom MeSH

We aimed to define the taxonomic status of 16 strains which were phenetically congruent with Acinetobacter DNA group 15 described by Tjernberg & Ursing in 1989. The strains were isolated from a variety of human and animal specimens in geographically distant places over the last three decades. Taxonomic analysis was based on an Acinetobacter-targeted, genus-wide approach that included the comparative sequence analysis of housekeeping, protein-coding genes, whole-cell profiling based on matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), an array of in-house physiological and metabolic tests, and whole-genome comparative analysis. Based on analyses of the rpoB and gyrB genes, the 16 strains formed respective, strongly supported clusters clearly separated from the other species of the genus Acinetobacter. The distinctness of the group at the species level was indicated by average nucleotide identity values of ≤82 % between the whole genome sequences of two of the 16 strains (NIPH 2171(T) and NIPH 899) and those of the known species. In addition, the coherence of the group was also supported by MALDI-TOF MS. All 16 strains were non-haemolytic and non-gelatinase-producing, grown at 41 °C and utilized a rather limited number of carbon sources. Virtually every strain displayed a unique combination of metabolic and physiological features. We conclude that the 16 strains represent a distinct species of the genus Acinetobacter, for which the name Acinetobacter variabilis sp. nov. is proposed to reflect its marked phenotypic heterogeneity. The type strain is NIPH 2171(T) ( = CIP 110486(T) = CCUG 26390(T) = CCM 8555(T)).

• MeSH
• Acinetobacter klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• bakteriální geny MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• hybridizace nukleových kyselin MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice MeSH
• techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH

A taxonomically unique bacterial strain, Acinetobacter sp. A47, has been recovered from several soft tissue samples from a patient undergoing reconstructive surgery owing to a traumatic amputation. The results of 16S rRNA, rpoB, and gyrB gene comparative sequence analyses showed that A47 does not belong to any of the hitherto-known taxa and may represent an as-yet-unknown Acinetobacter species. The recognition of this novel organism contributes to our knowledge of the taxonomic complexity underlying infections caused by Acinetobacter.

• MeSH
• Acinetobacter klasifikace   genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• bakteriální geny genetika   MeSH
• DNA bakterií analýza   genetika   MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• infekce bakteriemi rodu Acinetobacter * diagnóza   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• poranění měkkých tkání * diagnóza   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA bakterií MeSH