In the last three decades, Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has increased in incidence and severity in many countries worldwide. The increase in CDI incidence has been particularly apparent among surgical patients. Therefore, prevention of CDI and optimization of management in the surgical patient are paramount. An international multidisciplinary panel of experts from the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) updated its guidelines for management of CDI in surgical patients according to the most recent available literature. The update includes recent changes introduced in the management of this infection.

• Keywords
• Antimicrobial stewardship, Antimicrobial treatment, Clostridioides difficile infection, Clostridium difficile infection, Fecal microbiota transplantation, Infection control, Pseudomembranous colitis,
• MeSH
• Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use   MeSH
• Antimicrobial Stewardship MeSH
• Clostridioides difficile pathogenicity   MeSH
• Fecal Microbiota Transplantation methods   trends   MeSH
• Incidence MeSH
• Clostridium Infections diagnosis   therapy   MeSH
• Infection Control methods   trends   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Postoperative Complications therapy   MeSH
• Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous etiology   prevention & control   MeSH
• Risk Factors MeSH
• Guidelines as Topic MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Anti-Bacterial Agents MeSH

Intra-abdominal infections (IAI) are an important cause of morbidity and are frequently associated with poor prognosis, particularly in high-risk patients. The cornerstones in the management of complicated IAIs are timely effective source control with appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Empiric antimicrobial therapy is important in the management of intra-abdominal infections and must be broad enough to cover all likely organisms because inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy is associated with poor patient outcomes and the development of bacterial resistance. The overuse of antimicrobials is widely accepted as a major driver of some emerging infections (such as C. difficile), the selection of resistant pathogens in individual patients, and for the continued development of antimicrobial resistance globally. The growing emergence of multi-drug resistant organisms and the limited development of new agents available to counteract them have caused an impending crisis with alarming implications, especially with regards to Gram-negative bacteria. An international task force from 79 different countries has joined this project by sharing a document on the rational use of antimicrobials for patients with IAIs. The project has been termed AGORA (Antimicrobials: A Global Alliance for Optimizing their Rational Use in Intra-Abdominal Infections). The authors hope that AGORA, involving many of the world's leading experts, can actively raise awareness in health workers and can improve prescribing behavior in treating IAIs.

• MeSH
• Drug Resistance, Microbial MeSH
• Anti-Infective Agents pharmacology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• International Cooperation * MeSH
• Microbial Sensitivity Tests MeSH
• Intraabdominal Infections * diagnosis   drug therapy   microbiology   MeSH
• Prognosis MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Anti-Infective Agents MeSH