The aim of this review is to follow the history of studies on endemiv arboviruses and the diseases they cause which were detected in the Czech lands (Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia (i.e., the Czech Republic)). The viruses involve tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile and Usutu flaviviruses; the Sindbis alphavirus; Ťahyňa, Batai, Lednice and Sedlec bunyaviruses; the Uukuniemi phlebovirus; and the Tribeč orbivirus. Arboviruses temporarily imported from abroad to the Czech Republic have been omitted. This brief historical review includes a bibliography of all relevant papers.

• Klíčová slova
• arthropods, birds, mammals, mosquitoes, ticks,
• MeSH
• arbovirové infekce dějiny   MeSH
• arboviry fyziologie   MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

Ticks are ectoparasitic arthropods that necessarily feed on the blood of their vertebrate hosts. The success of blood acquisition depends on the pharmacological properties of tick saliva, which is injected into the host during tick feeding. Saliva is also used as a vehicle by several types of pathogens to be transmitted to the host, making ticks versatile vectors of several diseases for humans and other animals. When a tick feeds on an infected host, the pathogen reaches the gut of the tick and must migrate to its salivary glands via hemolymph to be successfully transmitted to a subsequent host during the next stage of feeding. In addition, some pathogens can colonize the ovaries of the tick and be transovarially transmitted to progeny. The tick immune system, as well as the immune system of other invertebrates, is more rudimentary than the immune system of vertebrates, presenting only innate immune responses. Although simpler, the large number of tick species evidences the efficiency of their immune system. The factors of their immune system act in each tick organ that interacts with pathogens; therefore, these factors are potential targets for the development of new strategies for the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. The objective of this review is to present the prevailing knowledge on the tick immune system and to discuss the challenges of studying tick immunity, especially regarding the gaps and interconnections. To this end, we use a comparative approach of the tick immune system with the immune system of other invertebrates, focusing on various components of humoral and cellular immunity, such as signaling pathways, antimicrobial peptides, redox metabolism, complement-like molecules and regulated cell death. In addition, the role of tick microbiota in vector competence is also discussed.

• Klíčová slova
• cell-mediated immunity, immune signaling pathway, immune system, microbiota, tick-borne pathogen,
• MeSH
• buněčná imunita * MeSH
• humorální imunita * MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• klíšťata imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci přenášené klíšťaty imunologie   metabolismus   přenos   MeSH
• slinné žlázy imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• sliny imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: The availability of tick in vitro cell culture systems has facilitated many aspects of tick research, including proteomics. However, certain cell lines have shown a tissue-specific response to infection. Thus, a more thorough characterization of tick cell lines is necessary. Proteomic comparative studies of various tick cell lines will contribute to more efficient application of tick cell lines as model systems for investigation of host-vector-pathogen interactions. RESULTS: Three cell lines obtained from a hard tick, Ixodes ricinus, and two from I. scapularis were investigated. A cell mass spectrometry approach (MALDI-TOF MS) was applied, as well as classical proteomic workflows. Using PCA, tick cell line MS profiles were grouped into three clusters comprising IRE/CTVM19 and ISE18, IRE11 and IRE/CTVM20, and ISE6 cell lines. Two other approaches confirmed the results of PCA: in-solution digestion followed by nanoLC-ESI-Q-TOF MS/MS and 2D electrophoresis. The comparison of MS spectra of the cell lines and I. ricinus tick organs revealed 29 shared peaks. Of these, five were specific for ovaries, three each for gut and salivary glands, and one for Malpighian tubules. For the first time, characteristic peaks in MS profiles of tick cell lines were assigned to proteins identified in acidic extracts of corresponding cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: Several organ-specific MS signals were revealed in the profiles of tick cell lines.

• Klíčová slova
• Biotyping, MALDI-TOF MS, Tick, Tick cell line, Tick organs,
• MeSH
• 2D gelová elektroforéza MeSH
• buněčné linie * cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• hmyzí proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• klíště cytologie   MeSH
• proteomika MeSH
• slinné žlázy cytologie   MeSH
• spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice * MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hmyzí proteiny MeSH

Ticks and the pathogens they transmit constitute a growing burden for human and animal health worldwide. Vector competence is a component of vectorial capacity and depends on genetic determinants affecting the ability of a vector to transmit a pathogen. These determinants affect traits such as tick-host-pathogen and susceptibility to pathogen infection. Therefore, the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in tick-pathogen interactions that affect vector competence is essential for the identification of molecular drivers for tick-borne diseases. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of tick-pathogen molecular interactions for bacteria, viruses, and protozoa affecting human and animal health. Additionally, the impact of tick microbiome on these interactions was considered. Results show that different pathogens evolved similar strategies such as manipulation of the immune response to infect vectors and facilitate multiplication and transmission. Furthermore, some of these strategies may be used by pathogens to infect both tick and mammalian hosts. Identification of interactions that promote tick survival, spread, and pathogen transmission provides the opportunity to disrupt these interactions and lead to a reduction in tick burden and the prevalence of tick-borne diseases. Targeting some of the similar mechanisms used by the pathogens for infection and transmission by ticks may assist in development of preventative strategies against multiple tick-borne diseases.

• Klíčová slova
• Anaplasma, Babesia, Borrelia, flavivirus, immunology, microbiome, tick, vaccine,
• MeSH
• arachnida jako vektory mikrobiologie   parazitologie   virologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu * MeSH
• klíšťata mikrobiologie   parazitologie   fyziologie   virologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci přenášené klíšťaty epidemiologie   MeSH
• přenos infekční nemoci * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• Anaplasma phagocytophilum, ecological adaptation, epigenetics, tick-pathogen interactions, transcriptional reprogramming,
• MeSH
• Anaplasma phagocytophilum MeSH
• biologická adaptace genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• ekologie * MeSH
• genetická transkripce genetika   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu genetika   MeSH
• klíšťata mikrobiologie   MeSH
• klíště mikrobiologie   MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• regulace genové exprese genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH