Ticks and the pathogens they transmit constitute a growing burden for human and animal health worldwide. Vector competence is a component of vectorial capacity and depends on genetic determinants affecting the ability of a vector to transmit a pathogen. These determinants affect traits such as tick-host-pathogen and susceptibility to pathogen infection. Therefore, the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in tick-pathogen interactions that affect vector competence is essential for the identification of molecular drivers for tick-borne diseases. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of tick-pathogen molecular interactions for bacteria, viruses, and protozoa affecting human and animal health. Additionally, the impact of tick microbiome on these interactions was considered. Results show that different pathogens evolved similar strategies such as manipulation of the immune response to infect vectors and facilitate multiplication and transmission. Furthermore, some of these strategies may be used by pathogens to infect both tick and mammalian hosts. Identification of interactions that promote tick survival, spread, and pathogen transmission provides the opportunity to disrupt these interactions and lead to a reduction in tick burden and the prevalence of tick-borne diseases. Targeting some of the similar mechanisms used by the pathogens for infection and transmission by ticks may assist in development of preventative strategies against multiple tick-borne diseases.

Animal and Plant Health AgencySurrey UK

Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of ParasitologyCeske Budejovice Czechia

Department of Microbiology Medical School Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessaloniki Greece

Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Center for Veterinary Health Sciences Oklahoma State UniversityStillwater OK USA

Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad de ZaragozaZaragoza Spain

Faculty of Health and Medicine University of SurreyGuildford UK

Faculty of Science University of South BohemiaČeské Budějovice Czechia

Global Health and Tropical Medicine Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical Universidade Nova de LisboaLisboa Portugal

Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine Freie Universität BerlinBerlin Germany

Institute of Infection and Global Health University of LiverpoolLiverpool UK

National Center of Reference for Anaplasma Babesia Rickettsia and Theileria Intituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della SiciliaSicily Italy

SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos CSIC UCLM JCCMCiudad Real Spain

UMR BIPAR INRA ANSES ENVAMaisons Alfort France

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Experimental Infection of Mice and Ticks with the Human Isolate of Anaplasma phagocytophilum NY-18

Evaluation of two artificial infection methods of live ticks as tools for studying interactions between tick-borne viruses and their tick vectors

Tick defensin γ-core reduces Fusarium graminearum growth and abrogates mycotoxins production with high efficiency

The bacterial community of the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)

Enlisting the Ixodes scapularis Embryonic ISE6 Cell Line to Investigate the Neuronal Basis of Tick-Pathogen Interactions

Editorial: Biological Drivers of Vector-Pathogen Interactions

Comparative proteomics of the vector Dermacentor reticulatus revealed differentially regulated proteins associated with pathogen transmission in response to laboratory infection with Rickettsia slovaca

Environmental and Molecular Drivers of the α-Gal Syndrome

Counterattacking the tick bite: towards a rational design of anti-tick vaccines targeting pathogen transmission

A bite so sweet: the glycobiology interface of tick-host-pathogen interactions

Functional Evolution of Subolesin/Akirin

Use of Graph Theory to Characterize Human and Arthropod Vector Cell Protein Response to Infection With Anaplasma phagocytophilum

The Complexity of Piroplasms Life Cycles

Reptile-associated Borrelia species in the goanna tick (Bothriocroton undatum) from Sydney, Australia

Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens of the Caribbean: Current Understanding and Future Directions for More Comprehensive Surveillance

Anaplasma phagocytophilum MSP4 and HSP70 Proteins Are Involved in Interactions with Host Cells during Pathogen Infection

Combination of RT-PCR and proteomics for the identification of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks

Functional Redundancy and Ecological Innovation Shape the Circulation of Tick-Transmitted Pathogens