In this manuscript, we highlight the evolutionary origins of mitochondria from bacterial endosymbionts and explore their contributions to health, energy metabolism, and neural-immune communication. Mitochondrial adaptability and the roles played by these organelles in promoting oxygen-dependent ATP production provide critical regulation of cognition, motivation, and inflammation. Hypoxia has been identified as an important initiator of inflammation, neurodegeneration, and mitochondrial dysfunction, emphasizing the overall importance of oxygen homeostasis to health and well-being. The Behavior, Exercise, Relaxation, and Nutrition framework highlights these observations as tools that can be used to optimize mitochondrial efficiency. Interestingly, mitochondrial dysfunction may also be linked to psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia), a hypothesis that focuses on energy dynamics, a proposal that may extend our understanding of these disorders beyond traditional neurotransmitter-focused concepts. Collectively, these perspectives underscore the critical contributions of mitochondria to health and disease and offer a novel framework that may help to explain the connections featured in mind-body medicine.

• Klíčová slova
• BERN, CNS pathways and networks, evolution, hypoxia, mind–body medicine, mitochondria, motivation,
• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• bolest * metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• cvičení * fyziologie   MeSH
• energetický metabolismus * MeSH
• kognice * fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitochondrie metabolismus   MeSH
• motivace * MeSH
• radost * fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Background: Mind-body medicine (MBM) focuses on improving our understanding of how the interactions between the brain, mind, body, and behavior can be used to promote health. In this narrative review, we present the basic principles of MBM, including the introduction of a rational framework for the implementation of MBM-based interventions. We also discuss the contributions of MBM to motivation and reward systems in the brain including those that may specifically involve the mitochondria. Results: MBM can be used to promote health in patients with chronic diseases, especially conditions identified as lifestyle-related. MBM builds on salutogenesis, which is a paradigm that focuses on health (as opposed to disease) determinants and the development of individual resilience and coherence factors as a means to reduce stress, decrease the burden of disease, and improve the quality of life. This approach involves several well-known principles of self-healing and self-care. MBM interventions typically include behavioral modification techniques in conjunction with cognitive work focused on stress regulation, exercise, relaxation, meditation, and nutrition. We suggest the use of the acronym "BERN" (Behavior, Exercise, Relaxation, and Nutrition) to summarize the operational framework of this approach. Discussion: Different BERN techniques act via shared autoregulatory central nervous system (CNS) reward and motivation circuitries. These systems rely on numerous neurobiological signaling pathways with overlapping effector molecules that converge, e.g., on nitric oxide (NO) as a common effector molecule. NO is critically coupled to reward physiology, stress reduction, and self-regulation as it modulates the responses of various mitochondrial, nuclear, and chromosomal processes within brain cells. NO has also been implicated in relevant outcomes (e.g., the placebo response). Conclusions: MBM interventions typically follow the BERN model and aim to strengthen health and resilience, and reduce stress. The mechanisms of action of these processes involve the CNS reward systems and correlate with placebo and self-healing pathways.

• Klíčová slova
• behavioral medicine, integrative medicine, meditation, mitochondria, placebo, salutogenesis, self-healing, stress management,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The relaxation response derives its health benefits by reestablishing "normal" equilibria between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. Recent work suggests that this behavioral training provides positive effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics, insulin secretion, and reductions in pro-inflammatory and stress-related pathways. We have previously contended, however, that correlative associations of relaxation training with positive changes in gene expression in selected biological systems are strongly suggestive of adaptive physiological changes, but do not elucidate an underlying, clinically compelling, unified mechanism of action consistent with its purported positive health effects. We surmise that any plausible model of behaviorally-mediated regulatory effects on whole-body metabolic processes must be intrinsically broad-based and multifaceted via integration of differential contributions of functionally interactive peripheral and CNS organ systems. Accordingly, the initiation of multiple cellular protective/anti-bio-senescence processes may have emerged during evolutionary development to ensure the survival of hybrid prokaryotic/eukaryotic progenitor cells, given the evolvement of oxidative metabolism and its associated negative byproducts. As an essential corollary, preservation and adaptation of multifaceted regulatory molecules, notably nitric oxide, paralleled the development of eukaryotic cell types via multifaceted stereo-selective recognition and conformational matching by complex biochemical and molecular enzyme systems. Hence, the relaxation response may be a manifestation of a metabolic corrective process/response, that may now include cognition ("awareness").

• MeSH
• adenosintrifosfát metabolismus   MeSH
• buněčné dýchání fyziologie   MeSH
• energetický metabolismus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitochondrie metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• oxid dusnatý metabolismus   MeSH
• relaxace fyziologie   MeSH
• spotřeba kyslíku fyziologie   MeSH
• teoretické modely MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• úvodníky MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adenosintrifosfát MeSH
• oxid dusnatý MeSH