The chondrocranium provides the key initial support for the fetal brain, jaws and cranial sensory organs in all vertebrates. The patterns of shaping and growth of the chondrocranium set up species-specific development of the entire craniofacial complex. The 3D development of chondrocranium have been studied primarily in animal model organisms, such as mice or zebrafish. In comparison, very little is known about the full 3D human chondrocranium, except from drawings made by anatomists many decades ago. The knowledge of human-specific aspects of chondrocranial development are essential for understanding congenital craniofacial defects and human evolution. Here advanced microCT scanning was used that includes contrast enhancement to generate the first 3D atlas of the human fetal chondrocranium during the middle trimester (13 to 19 weeks). In addition, since cartilage and bone are both visible with the techniques used, the endochondral ossification of cranial base was mapped since this region is so critical for brain and jaw growth. The human 3D models are published as a scientific resource for human development.

• MeSH
• chrupavka diagnostické zobrazování   embryologie   MeSH
• lebka diagnostické zobrazování   embryologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plod diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• rentgenová mikrotomografie MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• dataset MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• craniofacial, eye, neural crest, palatogenesis, tooth development,
• Publikační typ
• úvodníky MeSH

Amyloid plaques are small (~ 50 μm), highly-dense aggregates of amyloid beta (Aβ) protein in brain tissue, supposed to play a key role in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Plaques´ in vivo detection, spatial distribution and quantitative characterization could be an essential marker in diagnostics and evaluation of AD progress. However, current imaging methods in clinics possess substantial limits in sensitivity towards Aβ plaques to play a considerable role in AD screening. Contrast enhanced X-ray micro computed tomography (micro CT) is an emerging highly sensitive imaging technique capable of high resolution visualization of rodent brain. In this study we show the absorption based contrast enhanced X-ray micro CT imaging is viable method for detection and 3D analysis of Aβ plaques in transgenic rodent models of Alzheimer's disease. Using iodine contrasted brain tissue isolated from the Tg-F344-AD rat model we show the micro CT imaging is capable of precise imaging of Aβ plaques, making possible to further analyze various aspects of their 3D spatial distribution and other properties.

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• amyloidní beta-protein metabolismus   MeSH
• amyloidní plaky diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• kontrastní látky * MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• mozek diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
• rentgenová mikrotomografie * MeSH
• vylepšení rentgenového snímku * MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amyloidní beta-protein MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• kontrastní látky * MeSH

Coordinated development of muscles, tendons, and their attachment sites ensures emergence of functional musculoskeletal units that are adapted to diverse anatomical demands among different species. How these different tissues are patterned and functionally assembled during embryogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the morphogenesis of extraocular muscles (EOMs), an evolutionary conserved cranial muscle group that is crucial for the coordinated movement of the eyeballs and for visual acuity. By means of lineage analysis, we redefined the cellular origins of periocular connective tissues interacting with the EOMs, which do not arise exclusively from neural crest mesenchyme as previously thought. Using 3D imaging approaches, we established an integrative blueprint for the EOM functional unit. By doing so, we identified a developmental time window in which individual EOMs emerge from a unique muscle anlage and establish insertions in the sclera, which sets these muscles apart from classical muscle-to-bone type of insertions. Further, we demonstrate that the eyeballs are a source of diffusible all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) that allow their targeting by the EOMs in a temporal and dose-dependent manner. Using genetically modified mice and inhibitor treatments, we find that endogenous local variations in the concentration of retinoids contribute to the establishment of tendon condensations and attachment sites that precede the initiation of muscle patterning. Collectively, our results highlight how global and site-specific programs are deployed for the assembly of muscle functional units with precise definition of muscle shapes and topographical wiring of their tendon attachments.

• MeSH
• embryonální vývoj MeSH
• morfogeneze MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši inbrední DBA MeSH
• myši embryologie   MeSH
• oči MeSH
• okulomotorické svaly embryologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• pojivová tkáň fyziologie   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• šlachy fyziologie   MeSH
• tretinoin metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši embryologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• tretinoin MeSH

3D imaging approaches based on X-ray microcomputed tomography (microCT) have become increasingly accessible with advancements in methods, instruments and expertise. The synergy of material and life sciences has impacted biomedical research by proposing new tools for investigation. However, data sharing remains challenging as microCT files are usually in the range of gigabytes and require specific and expensive software for rendering and interpretation. Here, we provide an advanced method for visualisation and interpretation of microCT data with small file formats, readable on all operating systems, using freely available Portable Document Format (PDF) software. Our method is based on the conversion of volumetric data into interactive 3D PDF, allowing rotation, movement, magnification and setting modifications of objects, thus providing an intuitive approach to analyse structures in a 3D context. We describe the complete pipeline from data acquisition, data processing and compression, to 3D PDF formatting on an example of craniofacial anatomical morphology in the mouse embryo. Our procedure is widely applicable in biological research and can be used as a framework to analyse volumetric data from any research field relying on 3D rendering and CT-biomedical imaging.

• MeSH
• anatomické modely MeSH
• automatizované zpracování dat MeSH
• komprese dat statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lebka anatomie a histologie   embryologie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• obličejové kosti anatomie a histologie   embryologie   MeSH
• rentgenová mikrotomografie statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• rentgenový obraz - interpretace počítačová MeSH
• šíření informací metody   MeSH
• software * MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH