BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a disease closely linked to nutrition and modifications in various dietary components have been part of the effort to prevent or slow the progression of the disease even before the discovery of insulin. SUMMARY: The scientific focus in the prevention or progression modification of T1D is mostly centered on four dietary compounds and their modifications - gluten and its omission, vitamin D supplementation, omega-3 fatty acids supplementation, and decreasing of the amount of ingested carbohydrates. The aim of this narrative review was to provide an overview of nutritional interventions studied in children either as preventive methods or as modifiers in the early stages of T1D from autoantibody positive individuals to persons with newly diagnosed T1D. KEY MESSAGES: Our review shows that dietary modifications in various dietary components might be useful but none of them seems to provide universal effects in T1D prevention or progression modification. More research is therefore needed with focus on promising modes of action of individual dietary components.

• Klíčová slova
• Dietary intervention, Gluten-free diet, Low-carbohydrate diet, Omega-3 fatty acids, Pediatrics, Type 1 diabetes, Vitamin D,
• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 1. typu * prevence a kontrola   dietoterapie   MeSH
• dieta * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• omega-3 mastné kyseliny * aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• potravní doplňky * MeSH
• vitamin D * aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• omega-3 mastné kyseliny * MeSH
• vitamin D * MeSH

Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice are a widely used animal model to study mechanisms leading to autoimmune diabetes. A gluten-free diet reduces and delays the incidence of diabetes in NOD mice, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed single-cell transcriptomic and flow cytometry analysis of T cells and innate lymphocytes in the spleen and pancreatic lymph nodes of NOD mice fed a gluten-free or standard diet. We observed that the gluten-free diet did not induce a substantial alteration in the abundance or phenotype of any lymphocyte subset that would directly explain its protective effect against diabetes. However, the gluten-free diet induced subtle changes in the differentiation of subsets with previously proposed protective roles in diabetes development, such as Tregs, activated γδT cells, and NKT cells. Globally, the gluten-free diet paradoxically promoted activation and effector differentiation across multiple subpopulations and induced genes regulated by IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15. In contrast, the standard diet induced type I interferon-responsive genes. Overall, the gluten-free diet might prevent diabetes in NOD mice by inducing small-scale changes in multiple cell types rather than acting on a specific lymphocyte subset.

• Klíčová slova
• NOD mice, T regulatory cells, gluten‐free diet, single‐cell transcriptomics, type I diabetes,
• MeSH
• aktivace lymfocytů imunologie   MeSH
• bezlepková dieta * MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 1. typu * imunologie   MeSH
• myši inbrední NOD MeSH
• myši MeSH
• T-lymfocyty - podskupiny * imunologie   MeSH
• transkriptom MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• NOD mouse, beta-cell stress, enterovirus, environmental factors, gluten-free diet, gut-pancreas axis, intestinal permeability, type 1 diabetes,
• MeSH
• břicho MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 1. typu * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pankreas MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• úvodníky MeSH

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The proportion of children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who have experience with low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) is unknown. Our goal was to map the frequency of LCD among children with T1D and to describe their clinical and laboratory data. METHODS: Caregivers of 1040 children with T1D from three centers were addressed with a structured questionnaire regarding the children's carbohydrate intake and experience with LCD (daily energy intake from carbohydrates below 26% of age-recommended values). The subjects currently on LCD were compared to a group of non-LCD respondents matched to age, T1D duration, sex, type and center of treatment. RESULTS: A total of 624/1040 (60%) of the subjects completed the survey. A total of 242/624 (39%) subjects reported experience with voluntary carbohydrate restriction with 36/624 (5.8%) subjects currently following the LCD. The LCD group had similar HbA1c (45 vs. 49.5, p = 0.11), lower average glycemia (7.0 vs. 7.9, p = 0.02), higher time in range (74 vs. 67%, p = 0.02), lower time in hyperglycemia >10 mmol/L (17 vs. 20%, p = 0.04), tendency to more time in hypoglycemia <3.9 mmol/L(8 vs. 5%, p = 0.05) and lower systolic blood pressure percentile (43 vs. 74, p = 0.03). The groups did not differ in their lipid profile nor in current body height, weight or BMI. The LCD was mostly initiated by the parents or the subjects themselves and only 39% of the families consulted their decision with the diabetologist. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Low carbohydrate diet is not scarce in children with T1D and is associated with modestly better disease control. At the same time, caution should be applied as it showed a tendency toward more frequent hypoglycemia.

• Klíčová slova
• low-carbohydrate diet, time in range, type 1 diabetes,
• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 1. typu dietoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• dieta s omezením sacharidů * škodlivé účinky   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• glykovaný hemoglobin analýza   MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• krevní glukóza analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipidy krev   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost MeSH
• tělesná výška MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glykovaný hemoglobin MeSH
• krevní glukóza MeSH
• lipidy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Blastocystis is a human gut symbiont of yet undefined clinical significance. In a set of faecal samples collected from asymptomatic children of six distant populations, we first assessed the community profiles of protist 18S rDNA and then characterized Blastocystis subtypes and tested Blastocystis association with the faecal bacteriome community. METHODS: Stool samples were collected from 244 children and young persons (mean age 11.3 years, interquartile range 8.1-13.7) of six countries (Azerbaijan 51 subjects, Czechia 52, Jordan 40, Nigeria 27, Sudan 59 and Tanzania 15). The subjects showed no symptoms of infection. Amplicon profiling of the 18S rDNA was used for verification that Blastocystis was the most frequent protist, whereas specific real-time PCR showed its prevalence and quantity, and massive parallel amplicon sequencing defined the Blastocystis subtypes. The relation between Blastocystis and the stool bacteriome community was characterized using 16S rDNA profiling. RESULTS: Blastocystis was detected by specific PCR in 36% (88/244) stool samples and was the most often observed faecal protist. Children from Czechia and Jordan had significantly lower prevalence than children from the remaining countries. The most frequent subtype was ST3 (49%, 40/81 sequenced samples), followed by ST1 (36%) and ST2 (25%). Co-infection with two different subtypes was noted in 12% samples. The faecal bacteriome had higher richness in Blastocystis-positive samples, and Blastocystis was associated with significantly different community composition regardless of the country (p < 0.001 in constrained redundancy analysis). Several taxa differed with Blastocystis positivity or quantity: two genera of Ruminococcaceae were more abundant, while Bifidobacterium, Veillonella, Lactobacillus and several other genera were undrerrepresented. CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic children frequently carry Blastocystis, and co-infection with multiple distinct subtypes is not exceptional. Prevalence and quantity of the organism clearly differ among populations. Blastocystis is linked to both faecal bacteriome diversity and its composition.

• Klíčová slova
• Africa, Asia, Bacteriome, Blastocystis, Type 1 diabetes,
• MeSH
• asymptomatické infekce epidemiologie   MeSH
• Blastocystis klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• blastocystóza epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• protozoální DNA genetika   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Ázerbájdžán epidemiologie   MeSH
• Československo epidemiologie   MeSH
• Jordánsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Nigérie epidemiologie   MeSH
• Súdán epidemiologie   MeSH
• Tanzanie epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• protozoální DNA MeSH
• ribozomální DNA MeSH