BACKGROUND: Overtraining Syndrome (OTS) is a condition resulting from excessive physical activity without adequate recovery, predominantly affecting elite athletes and military personnel. While overreaching can be a temporary state, non-functional overreaching may progress to chronic OTS. This review explores various hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of OTS, including glycogen depletion, dysregulated cytokine response, oxidative stress, and alterations in the autonomic nervous system function. It also highlights the systemic impact of OTS on multiple organ systems, immune function, and overall health, linking the condition to chronic inflammation and an increased disease susceptibility. Additionally, it addresses the role of the gut microbiome in health modulation through physical activity. METHODS: This narrative review was conducted through a structured search of peer-reviewed journal articles in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies involving human participants and published in English. RESULTS: OTS has systemic effects on multiple organ systems, immune function, and overall health, leading to chronic inflammation and increased disease susceptibility. Athletes with OTS exhibit higher morbidity rates, influenced by factors such as sleep deprivation and stress. The review also emphasizes the role of the gut microbiome as a significant modulator of health through physical activity. CONCLUSION: Balanced training and recovery are crucial for preventing OTS and maintaining optimal health and quality of life in physically active individuals. Understanding the complex pathophysiology of OTS is essential for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.

• Klíčová slova
• Exhaustion, Inadequate recovery, Overreaching, Overtraining syndrome, Performance, Training,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

This review aims to describe a novel method in the field of electromyography (EMG), established and improved upon in the last three decades that is able to observe specific parameters of muscle units (MUs). This concept is called the decomposition method, based on its ability to decompose a surface EMG signal to describe muscle activity on the level of individual muscle units in contrast to the level of the whole muscle, as is customary for regular surface electromyography. We provide a brief overview of its history, constituent parts regarding both hardware and software and possible applications. We also acknowledge the state of the research, regarding the background of the decomposition algorithm, the main software component responsible for identifying individual motor units and their parameters. As a result of the ability to describe the behavior of individual motor units during muscle contractions, key concepts in neuromuscular physiology have been put forward, pertaining to the hierarchy of MUs during their recruitment. Together with the recent application for cyclic contractions and gait, the decomposition method is beginning to open up wider possibilities of enquiry.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• elektromyografie * metody   MeSH
• kosterní svaly * fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• motorické neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• počítačové zpracování signálu MeSH
• recruitment (neurofyziologie) * fyziologie   MeSH
• svalová kontrakce * fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH