Gene expression regulation during tissue development is extremely complex. A key mechanism of gene regulation is the recognition of regulatory motifs, also known as cis-regulatory elements (CREs), by various proteins in gene promoter regions. Localization of these motifs near the transcription start site (TSS) or translation start site (ATG) is crucial for transcription initiation and rate. Transcription levels of individual genes, regulated by these motifs, can vary significantly across tissues and developmental stages, especially in processes like sexual reproduction. However, the precise localization and visualization of these motifs in relation to gene expression in specific tissues can be challenging. Here, we introduce a freely available tool called GOLEM (Gene regulatOry eLEMents; https://golem.ncbr.muni.cz), which enables users to precisely locate any motif of interest with respect to TSS or ATG within the relevant plant genomes across the plant Tree of Life (Chara, Marchantia, Physcomitrium, Azolla, Ceratopteris, Amborella, Oryza, Zea, Solanum and Arabidopsis). The visualization of the motifs is performed with respect to the transcript levels of particular genes in leaves and male reproductive tissues and can be compared with genome-wide distribution regardless of the transcription level. Additionally, genes with specific CREs at defined positions and high expression in selected tissues can be exported for further analysis. GOLEM's functionality is illustrated by its application to conserved motifs (e.g. TATA-box, ABRE, I-box, and TC-element), hormone-responsive elements (GCC-box, ARR10_binding motif), as well as to male gametophyte-related motifs (e.g., LAT52, MEF2, and DOF_core).

• Klíčová slova
• GOLEM, Gene regulatOry eLEMents, TSS, gametophyte, motif localization, plant genes, promoter elements, technical advance,
• MeSH
• Arabidopsis genetika   MeSH
• genom rostlinný genetika   MeSH
• počátek transkripce MeSH
• promotorové oblasti (genetika) * genetika   MeSH
• pyl * genetika   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin genetika   MeSH
• software * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Plant hormones, pivotal regulators of plant growth, development, and response to environmental cues, have recently emerged as central modulators of epigenetic processes governing gene expression and phenotypic plasticity. This review addresses the complex interplay between plant hormones and epigenetic mechanisms, highlighting the diverse methodologies that have been harnessed to decipher these intricate relationships. We present a comprehensive overview to understand how phytohormones orchestrate epigenetic modifications, shaping plant adaptation and survival strategies. Conversely, we explore how epigenetic regulators ensure hormonal balance and regulate the signalling pathways of key plant hormones. Furthermore, our investigation includes a search for novel genes that are regulated by plant hormones under the control of epigenetic processes. Our review offers a contemporary overview of the epigenetic-plant hormone crosstalk, emphasizing its significance in plant growth, development, and potential agronomical applications.

• Klíčová slova
• Abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinins, epigenetics, ethylene, gibberellins, histone modifications,
• MeSH
• epigeneze genetická * MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin * metabolismus   MeSH
• rostliny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• vývoj rostlin genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• regulátory růstu rostlin * MeSH